gen bio 1

zacharias janssen

Every major field of science has benefited from the use of some form of microscope, an invention that dates back to the late 16th century and a modest Dutch eyeglass maker.

1665

year when robert hooke published micrographia

robert hooke

who published Micrographia, a book filled with drawings and descriptions of the organisms he viewed under the recently invented microscope.

robert hooke

The invention of the microscope led to the discovery of the cell by --

robert hooke

While looking at the cork, HE observed box-shaped structures, which he called “cells” as they reminded him of the cells, or rooms, in monasteries. This discovery led to the development of the classical cell theory.

1668

year when Leeuwenhoek made microscopes consisting of a single high-quality lens of very short focal length; at the time, such simple microscopes were preferable to the compound microscope, which increased the problem of chromatic aberration.

antonie van leewenhoek

He is universally acknowledged as the father of microbiology.

robert hooke

he used an early microscope (a) to see cells in thin slices of cork. his drawings of what he saw (b) indicate that he had clearly observed the remains of cork cells (300x)

antonie van leewenhoek

he made microscopes consisting of a single high-quality lens of very short focal length; at the time, such simple microscopes were preferable to the compound microscope, which increased the problem of chromatic aberration.

1839

year when two German scientists, Matthias Jakob Schleiden, a botanist, and Theodor Schwann, a zoologist, suggested that cells were the basic unit of structure and function of all living things.

Matthias Jakob Schleiden

a German BOTANIST who suggested that cells were the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

Theodor Schwann

a German ZOOLOGIST who suggested that cells were the basic unit of structure and function of all living things

1858

year when the German doctor Rudolf Virchow observed that cells divide to produce more cells. He proposed that all cells arise only from other cells.

the cell theory

1. All organisms are made up of one or more cells

2. all the life functions of an organism occur within cells

3. all cells come from preexisting cells.

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

cell theory (1)

all the life functions of an organism occur within cells

cell theory (2)

all cells come from preexisting cells.

cell theory (3)

the modern cell theory

1. All known living things are made up of one or more cells

2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division

3. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms

4. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells

5. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells, Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division

6. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.

all known living things are made up of one or more cells

modern cell theory (1)

all living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division

modern cell theory (2)

The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms

modern cell theory (3)

The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells

modern cell theory (4)

Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells

modern cell theory (5)

All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.

modern cell theory (7)

modern cell theory

though no one point of the Cell Theory is more important than another, the theory clearly states that the functions necessary for life occur in the cell. Findings since the time of the original Cell Theory have enabled scientists to "modernize" the theory, including points related to biochemistry and molecular biology.

cell structure and functions

Every organ in our body performs a variety of different functions such as digestion, assimilation, and absorption.

cell structure and functions

Similarly, in plants, there are different organs of the plant that perform specialized or specific functions. For instance, the roots of the plants help in the absorption of minerals and water.

cell structure and function

In our body and in the body of every living organism, every organ is composed of smaller parts known as tissues. A tissue is a group of cells that perform a specific function.

cell membrane

One of the most important parts of the cell as it acts as a semi-permeable barrier.

cell membrane

It allows only a few molecules across it and fences the majority of organically produced chemicals inside the cell.

cytoplasm

It is a jelly-like substance that is present between the nucleus and the cell membrane. There are a number of other components or organelles of the cell that can be found in the cytoplasm.

These are mitochondria, Golgi bodies, ribosomes, etc.

cytoplasm

These are mitochondria, Golgi bodies, ribosomes, etc.

nucleus

is believed to be the most important component of the living cell. It is located in the center of the cell and is usually spherical in shape.

nucleus

The -- is separated from the cytoplasm by a membrane known as the nuclear membrane.

nuclear membrane

This membrane is also porous and allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus.

Nucleolus

1. granular component (pre ribosome assembly)

2. fibrillar center (rRNA transcription)

3. dense fibrillar component (pre-rRNA processing)

structure and support

You know a house is made of bricks. Similarly, an organism is made up of cells. Though there are certain cells such as collenchyma and sclerenchyma that are present for offering structural support in general too, all cells generally provide the structural basis of all organisms.

growth

In complex organisms such as humans, the tissues grow by simple multiplication of cells. Hence, cells are responsible for the growth of the organism. The entire thing takes place via a process of mitosis.

transport

Cells import the nutrients that are used in the different chemical processes that take place inside them. As a result of these processes, a waste product is produced.

active transport

On the other hand, the larger molecules like the proteins and polysaccharides, go in and out of the cell via active transport.

active transport

movement against the concentration gradient using energy (ATP)

PASSIVE TRANSPORT

movement along the concentration gradient without energy

energy production

Organisms need energy to perform different chemical reactions. In plants, the energy comes from the process of photosynthesis while in animals the energy comes via respiration.

metabolism

Cell is responsible for -- which includes all the chemical reactions that take place inside an organism to keep it alive.

reproduction

A cell helps in -- by the processes of mitosis (in more evolved organisms) and meiosis.

the functions of the cell

1. structure and support

2. growth

3. transport

4. energy production

5. metabolism

6. reproduction

difference between plant and animal cells

1. The plant cells have a cell wall which surrounds the cell membrane. On the other hand, the animal cells only have a cell membrane.

2. In plant cells, there are chloroplasts which are helpful in photosynthesis.

3. In the plant cells, there is a larger vacuole (it’s like a fluid sack) in comparison to the animal cells.

4. The animal cells are ‘blobby.’ On the other hand, the cells in plants are more structured because of the presence of a cell wall. It forms a lattice-like structure which helps with rigidness.

The plant cells have a cell wall which surrounds the cell membrane. On the other hand, the animal cells only have a cell membrane.

difference between plant and animal cells (1)

In plant cells, there are chloroplasts which are helpful in photosynthesis.

difference between plant and animal cells (2)

In the plant cells, there is a larger vacuole (it’s like a fluid sack) in comparison to the animal cells.

difference between plant and animal cells (3)

The animal cells are ‘blobby.’ On the other hand, the cells in plants are more structured because of the presence of a cell wall. It forms a lattice-like structure which helps with rigidness.

difference between plant and animal cells (4)

passive transport

cells then work to get rid of this waste. small molecules such as oxygen, carbon dioxide, and ethanol pass through the cell membrane by diffusion.

cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division

modern cell theory (6)

Carbohydrates

Lipids (fats)

Proteins

Nucleic acid

what are the biomolecules

meiosis

Sexual reproduction

mitosis

Cell division; somatic cells (body cells)

Sexual cells (sperm/egg cells)

catalyst

Substance that speeds up the rate of a chemical reaction (saliva)

Adenosine triphosphate

ATP

Adenosine diphosphate

ADP

Catabolic pathway

Release energy by breaking down complex molecules into simpler compounds; glycoses, Krebs cycle, electron transition train

Bolus

ball of food

endosymbiosis theory

Proposes that mitochondria originated when a bacterial cell took up residence inside another cell about 2 billion years ago (inside friend)

osmosis

Diffusion of water

diffusion

Movement of compounds, salt

apostasis

a dead cell

cytoskeleton

Microfilaments, microtubules, intermediate filaments

ase

What do proteins usually end with

ose

What do carbohydrates end with

anabolism

Building up molecules

catabolism

Breaking down molecules

nucleolus

Makes ribosomes

nuclear pore

Pores on the outside of the nuclear envelope that allows material in and out of the nucleus

nucleoplasm

Fluid in the nucleus

nuclear envelope

Double membrane that surrounds the nucleus

nuclear membrane

This membrane is also porous and allows the movement of materials between the cytoplasm and the inside of the nucleus.

smooth endoplasmic reticulum

Creates lipids

rough endoplasmic reticulum

Synthesizes and packages proteins, studded with ribosomes

golgi complex

Warehouse for receiving, sorting shipping, and even some manufacturing

lysosomes

Breaks down food into particles the rest of the cell can use and to destroy old cell parts or parts

peroxisome

Vesicles containing a reducing enzyme catalase

centriole

structure in an animal cell that helps to organize cell division

centrosome

An organelle near the nucleus of a cell that contains the centrioles (in animal cells) and from which the spindle fibers develop in cell division

ribosome

Site of protein synthesis

mitochondria

Powerhouse of the cell and produces and supplies the cell with energy

cell wall

Surrounds the cell membrane of the plant cell; provides support and shape

All organisms are made up of one or more cells

cell theory (1)

all the life functions of an organism occur within cells

cell theory (2)

all cells come from preexisting cells.

cell theory (3)

the modern cell theory

1. All known living things are made up of one or more cells

2. All living cells arise from pre-existing cells by division

3. The cell is the fundamental unit of structure and function in all living organisms

4. The activity of an organism depends on the total activity of independent cells

5. Energy flow (metabolism and biochemistry) occurs within cells, Cells contain hereditary information (DNA) which is passed from cell to cell during cell division

6. All cells are basically the same in chemical composition in organisms of similar species.

all known living things are made up of one or more cells

modern cell theory (1)

bacilli

Rod shaped bacteria

Cell Wall

• This surrounds the cell membrane for additional protection for all plant cells

• It is made up of cellulose. 

• It also adds structure and support to plant cells so they can grow up and out

Three Layers of a Cell Wall

primary cell wall, secondary cell wall, middle lamella

primary cell wall

Contains a cellulose layer by dividing and growing cells.

secondary cell wall

Synthesized in specialized cells (Treachery elements and fibers.)

middle lamella

Acts as a layer of cement between the main cells of neighboring cells.

chloroplast

• It is a type of organelle found in plant cells that absorb solar light. 

• They are the cell's food producers, turning solar light energy into sugar that the cell may consume.

chloroplast

• They generate energy via photosynthesis and oxygen-release mechanisms 

• It’s in charge of the production of active substances such as amino acids and vitamins

chloroplast

• are a form of plastid, which is a circular, oval, or disk-shaped entity involved in food synthesis and storage. 

• The presence of two pigments, chlorophyll a, and chlorophyll b, distinguishes chloroplasts from other types of plastids by their green color

inner membrane, outer membrane, stoma lamella, thylakoid, granum, stroma, intermembrane space

seven parts of a chloroplast