Psych chapters 4,6,7

suprachiasmatic nucleus

a pair of cell clusters in the hypothalamus that controls circadian rhythm (body clock); synchronized with outside world through light-sensitive neurons

NREM stage 2

theta waves interrupted by sleep spindles (rapid bursts of higher-frequency brain waves) and k-complexes (high amplitude brain activity, response to environmental stimuli)

Manifest content of dreams

according to Freud, the apparent story line of dreams

Latent content of dreams

According to Freud, the "disguised" meanings of dreams, hidden by more obvious subjects

collective unconscious

Carl Jung's concept of a shared, inherited reservoir of memory traces from our species' history

Rosalind Cartwright

believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer

Allan Hobson

activation-synthesis theory (dreaming = constructing a virtual reality in our heads).

Lucid dreams

dreams in which the dreamer is aware of dreaming

Parasomnia

abnormal behaviors during sleep including somnambulism/sleepwalking and night terrors; usually occur during stage 3 or slow wave sleep

REM sleep behavior disorder

a neurological disorder in which the person does not become paralyzed during REM sleep

obstructive sleep apnea

sleep disorder defined by episodes when breathing stops during sleep as a result of blockage of the airway

central sleep apnea

sleep disorder with periods of interrupted breathing due to a disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing

SIDS

sudden and unexpected death of an apparently healthy infant during sleep

Narcolepsy

A sleep disorder characterized by uncontrollable sleep attacks. The sufferer may lapse directly into REM sleep, often at inopportune times.

physical dependence

a physiological need for a drug, marked by unpleasant withdrawal symptoms when the drug is discontinued

psychological dependence

a psychological need to use a drug, such as to relieve negative emotions

tolerance

the diminishing effect with regular use of the same dose of a drug, requiring the user to take larger and larger doses before experiencing the drug's effect

withdrawal

A group of symptoms that occur when a dependent person stops taking a drug

depressants

drugs (such as alcohol, barbiturates, and benzodiazepines) that reduce neural activity and slow body functions; agonists of GABA; high doses cause sedation, reduction in judgement and control

Stimulants

Drugs (such as caffeine, nicotine, and the more powerful amphetamines, cocaine, and Ecstasy) that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

Amphetamines

drugs that stimulate neural activity; can be prescribed for ADHD

Cocaine

blocks dopamine reuptake; freebase version is crack

Meth

made from accessible ingredients

Caffeine

antagonist for adenosine; promotes alertness; can result in high blood pressure, stroke, cancer

Nicotine

a stimulating and highly addictive psychoactive drug in tobacco; interacts with acetylcholine receptors

Opioids

analgesic (pain relief); heroin, morphine, methadone, codeine; prescribed hydrocodone and oxycodone

opiates

natural opioids; from poppies

heroin

narcotic drug derived from opium that is extremely addictive

Opioid complexes found in:

cough suppressants, anti-nausea, anti-diarrhea meds

Opioid crisis

Current drug crisis caused by over prescription of painkillers (OxyContin) and heroin that is plaguing the nation.

Hallucinogens

psychedelic drugs, such as mescaline and LSD, that distort perceptions and evoke sensory images in the absence of sensory input; serotonin agonists, PCP (angel dust), and ketamine--> antagonists of NMDA glutamate receptor

Hypnosis

state of consciousness; extreme self-focus; purpose to draw our information or thoughts

Steps of Hypnosis

focus on one thing, relaxation, told to be open, encouraged to use imagination, dissociation

Meditation

focusing on a single target to increase awareness of a moment

Fentanyl

Synthetic opioid; extremely potent; reversed by naloxone; IMF; 110,511 deaths in 2022

types of hallucinogens

psychedelics, dissociatives, or deliriants

unlearned behavior

instinct, reflex

instinct

triggered by a range of events, uses higher brain centers, not taught (migration)

reflexes

motor/neural reactions to a specific stimulus; spinal cord and medulla

learning is

a relatively permanent change in behavior

associative learning

linking two stimuli, or events, that occur together (conditioning and observational learning)

Pavlov's experiment

classical conditioning experiment, making a dog associate the sound of a ringing bell to that of food - making the dog salivate at the sound

classical conditioning

a neutral stimulus produces a response after being paired with a stimulus that naturally produces a response

operant conditioning

voluntary response strengthened or weakened by rewards or punishments. Skinner

cognitive learning theory

stimulus--> cognitive processes--> response

high-order conditioning

occurs when a strong conditioned stimulus is paired with a neutral stimulus, causing the neutral stimulus to become a second conditioned stimulus

process of conditioning

acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery

generalization

responding similarly to a range of similar stimuli

discrimination

responding differently to similar stimuli

law of effect

Thorndike's principle that behaviors followed by favorable consequences become more likely, and that behaviors followed by unfavorable consequences become less likely

positive

adding a stimulus

negative

taking away a stimulus

reinforcement

meant to increase a behavior

punishment

meant to decrease a behavior

Shaping

an operant conditioning procedure in which reinforcers guide behavior toward closer and closer approximations of the desired behavior

Primary reinforcer

an innately reinforcing stimulus, such as one that satisfies a biological need (food)

secondary reinforcer

any reinforcer that becomes reinforcing after being paired with a primary reinforcer, such as praise, tokens, or gold stars

Reinforcement Schedules

in operant conditioning, rules that determine how and when certain responses will be reinforced

continuous reinforcement

reinforcing the desired response every time it occurs

partial reinforcement

reinforcing a response only part of the time

fixed-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified time has elapsed (doses of medication)

variable-interval schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response at unpredictable time intervals (restaurant inspection)

fixed-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response only after a specified number of responses (# of product sold before worker gets a bonus)

variable-ratio schedule

a reinforcement schedule that reinforces a response after an unpredictable number of responses (gambling)

Skinner

mind is a "black box," radical behaviorism, cognition doesn't matter

Cognitive map

a mental representation of the layout of one's environment (Tolman)

Latent learning

unobservable in behavior

social learning theory

Bandura's view of human development; emphasizes interaction; live, verbal, or symbolic

Raymond Cattell

intelligence: fluid & crystal intelligence; personality testing

crystallized intelligence

acquired knowledge and the ability to retrieve it

fluid intelligence

ability to see complex relationships and solve problems

Robert Sternberg's Triarchic Theory

analytical intelligence, creative intelligence, practical intelligence

multiple intelligence theory

Gardner's theory of intellect, based on the view that people possess at least eight types of intelligence

Eight types of intelligence

-bodily/kinesthetic

-interpersonal

-intrapersonal

-logical/mathematical

-musical/rhythmical

-naturalist

-verbal/linguistic

-visual/spatial

Cattell-Horn-Carroll (CHC) Theory

the theory that our intelligence is based on general intelligence, broad abilities, and narrow/specific memories

divergent thinking

thinking outside the box

convergent thinking

the ability to provide a correct or well-established answer or solution to a problem

IQ

intelligence quotient

Alfred Binet

intelligence testing, modified and standardized by Louis Terman; Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale

WISC-V

Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children; verbal comprehension, fluid reasoning, working memory, visual spatial, and processing speed

Flynn Effect

the worldwide phenomenon that shows intelligence test performance has been increases with every new generation

bell curve

distribution of scores in which the bulk of the scores fall toward the middle, with progressively fewer scores toward the "tails" or extremes

range of reaction

asserts our genes set the boundaries within which we can operate, and our environment interacts with the genes to determine where in that range we will fall

Level 1 intelligence

rote memorization; Arthur Jensen

Level 2 intelligence

responsible for conceptual and analytical abilities

Dysgraphia

learning disability that causes extreme difficulty in writing legibly

dyslexia

impairment of the ability to read/process letters

Dyscalculia

difficulty with math

consciousness

awareness of internal and external stimuli

sleep

reduced sensory awareness

circadian rhythm

the biological clock; regular bodily rhythms that occur on a 24-hour cycle

Melatonin

A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that regulates sleep-wake cycles; stimulated by darkness; inhibited by light

Disruptions in Sleep-Wake Cycle

jet lag, night shifts

Sleep debt

result of insufficient sleep on a chronic basis (adults require 7-9 hours)

meta-analysis

a procedure for statistically combining the results of many different research studies

Sleep is regulated by

hypothalamus, thalamus, and pons

Sleep rebound

sleep-deprived individuals will fall asleep faster

sleep hormones

melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone

theories on why we sleep

restores resources/energy, adaptive response to predatory risk, lowers stress, better mood and motor control, cognitive and memory benefits

Sleep stages

NREM-1, NREM-2, NREM-3, REM