machiavelli

republic state

ruled by many

based on civic institutions and laws

principality state

rules by one

hereditary state

ruled by the same family for generations - easy to hold

new state

newly acquired by a prince, hard to secure

mixed state

old state plus new territory - most unstable

civil principality

prince rises with support of people or nobles

ecclesiastical principality

ruled by church/pope - stable because of religion

virtu vs fortuna

virtu: skill, strength, adaptability

fortuna: luck, chance

glory vs power

glory: lasting reputation, admiration for great deeds

power: immediate control, ability to enforce laws and command

fear vs love

better to be feared than loved but avoid hatred

necessity

the prince must act according to what the situation requires

appearance vs reality

prince should look good on the outside (appearance) -> keep people convinced you are virtuous

must be ready to act the opposite way when survival or security of the state requires (reality) -> use cruelty, deceit when necessary

armed prophets

leaders who enforce new orders with force as well as persuasion

wickedness/cruelty

can gain power but not glory

example: agathocles, oliverotto

mercenaries

soldiers hired for pay

unrealiable and dangerous

auxiliaries

troops borrowed from another ruler

very dangerous

own arms

citizens army → fighting for their own

safest and strongest

mixed arms

combination of different militias, unstable

foundations of power

good laws and good arms (military strength first)

colonies

small setlements to secure new lands cheaply and effectively

residing in person

prince lives in the new territory to maintain control

loyal few (oligarchy)

small group of locals allowed to keep laws but bound to the prince

destroying free cities

safest way to prevent rebellion, since liberty is never forgotten

centralized monarchy

one ruler, all others are officials (turks)

hard to conquer

easy to keep

feudal monarchy

king with strong nobles (ex. france/england)

easy to conquer

hard to keep

cesare borgia

gained power through fortune and others arms

lost it when fortune turned

agathocles

gained power by cruelty, no glory

oliverotto

fained power by treachery, no glory

duke of ferrara

hereditary prince who kept power even when under attack

alexander & darius

exaple of centralized monarchy conquered and kept

rome

colonies, detroying free cities & exapnsion

sparta

example of failure to hold free cities