Promoting Health and Preventing Illness

describe disease prevention

actions aimed at eradicating, eliminating, minimising (or if none feasible: retarding) the impact of disease and disability

health promotion

process of enabling people to increase control over their health and its determinants, and thereby improve their health

tertiary prevention

treat established disease to prevent complications or minimise symptoms

secondary prevention

early detection of pre-clinical disease to prevent progression to clinical disease

primary prevention

prevent disease before it occurs by addressing risk factors

primordial prevention

prevent risk factors from occurring

high risk strategy

identify and manage those at risk

pros of high risk strategy

• large impact

• reduces prevalence

• cheap

• subject/doctor motivation

• intervention appropriate to individual

cons of high risk strategy

• requires effective screening

• no effect on underlying causes

population strategy

reduce risk factors across population

pros of population strategy

• reduces prevalence and incidence

• large potential difference for population

cons of population strategy

• penalises healthy people

• poor subject/doctor motivation

• small/no benefit to individuals

prevention paradox

although risk is low, many cases of disease come from those at low/moderate risk due to large population

upstream prevention approach

prevent root causes that have broad health consequences

downstream prevention approach

prevention through dealing with lifestyles and adverse health behaviours, and consequences of poor health

axes of beatties model of health promotion

individual → collective, negotiated → authoritative

legislative action

collective and authoritative

community development

collective and negotiated

personal counselling

negotiated and individual

health persuasion

individual and authoritative