Kidneys

filter the blood to remove excess water, ions, molecules, and remove cellular waste in the formation of urine

Endocrine gland and secrete hormones

What is the main role of the kidneys

renin - enzyme important for regulation of blood pressure

Erythropoietin - GP that stimulates erythrocyte production

What hormones do the kidneys secrete

outer region - renal cortex

central region - medulla that contain renal pyramids

Pyramids drain into a minor calyx

two or more minor join to form the major calyx

Major calyces join to form the renal pelvis which then forms the ureter

entire kidney is covered by connective tissue called renal capsule

anatomy of the Kidneys

8-15

how many lobes to human kidneys have

nephrons - produces urine in a renal lobe and drains it into the minor calyx of that lobe

what is the functional unit of the kidneys

Tubes:

proximal convoluted tubule PCT

Loop of henle

distal convoluted tubule DCT

Connecting tubule and collecting duct

Associated blood vessels

Renal corpuscles with glomerules and bowmans capsule

Parts of the nephron

the renal corpuscle filters blood and produced provisional urine

Provisional urine travels down tubular system

Final urine flows out of collecting ducts into minor, then major calyx, renal pelvis, and ureter

how to blood filtered by nephrons

corpuscles, PCT and DCT

What aspects of the nephron are located in the cortex

loop of henle and collecting ducts

what aspects of the nephron are located in the medulla

located almost entirely in the cortex

possess very short loop of henle - short distance into the medulla

general urine production and solute reabsorption

cortical nephrons

renal corpuscles in the cortex

Loops of henle are long - extend deep into the the medulla

critical role in unrine concentration

Juxtamedullary nephrons

renal artery enters by the hilum region -> segmental arteries -> interlobar arteries -> arcuate arteries -> interlobar arteries -> afferent arterioles -> glomerula capillaries -> efferent arteriole -> peritubular capillaries and vasa recta

Blood supply to kidneys

glomerulus

Primary capillary bed

peritubular capillaries - cortex, around PCT and DCT, reabsorption and secretion

vesa recta - mudulla, around the loop of henle, urine concentration

second capillary beds

straight - medullary ray

coiled - pars convoluta

what are the straight and coiled parts of renal tubes of nephrons

anti-diuretic hormone (ADH)

aldosterone

Renin

What is reabsorption resulted by

glomerulus and bowman's capsule

what is the renal corpuscle composed of

composed of capillaries

afferent arterioles bring blood to glomerulus

efferent arterioles send blood away toward DCT and loop of henle

what is the glomerulus function/composition

surrounded by podocytes (epithelial)

composition of corpuscle

composed of macula densa from DCT and juxtaglomerular cells from afferent arteriole

regulates blood volume by releasing hormones like renin and erythropoietin

Juxtaglomerular apparatus

increases the rate of production of red blood cells in response to falling levels of oxygen in the tissue

erythropoietin