Public speaking Final exam answers

What are fear appeals (negative motivation)?

Persuasive messages that attempt to scare the audience into taking a specific action by highlighting the negative consequences of not doing so.

Name 5 types of figures of speech.

Simile, metaphor, alliteration, personification, antithesis

What is a specific purpose statement?

A single statement that identifies the desired response a speaker wants from the audience.

Name and define 4 parts of an introduction

Gain attention, convey listener relevance, establish speaker credibility, and identify the thesis statement with main point preview.

Define and elaborate on social judgment theory.

A social psychology theory that explains how people evaluate ideas by comparing them to their current attitudes

name 6 other speech patterns that you can use to form the body of a speech.

Problem-Solution, Problem-Cause-Solution, Spatial Pattern, Comparative advantages pattern, Topical Pattern, Chronological Pattern

name and define the 5 parts of the CRAAP model

Currency: how recent is the information?, Relevance: does the information directly relate to your research question?, Authority: who is the author or publisher? are they qualified to provide info on the topic?, Accuracy: is the information supported by evidence and verifiable facts?, Purpose: what is the authors intent on presenting this information?

Name the 5 parts of the motivated sequence

Attention, Need, Satisfaction, Visualization, Action

name the 8 logical fallacies

Ad hominem, Red herring, slippery slope, hasty generalization, appeal to authority, bandwagon, appeal to ignorance, appeal to pity

what is ethos

The credibility or authority of the speaker

what is pathos

An appeal to the audience’s emotions

what is logos

The uses of logic and reason to convince the listener.

define extemporaneous speaking

A speech that is lively and has clear speaking, natural movements, and shows that you are prepared and knowledgeable on the subject.

name 3 rules of visual aids

Clarity, relevance, and visibility

Define the Attention step in the motivated sequence

The introduction, made to pique the audience’s curiosity about the problem/issue and build the speaker’s credibility.

Define the Need step in the motivated sequence

Explores the nature of the problem and why something needs to change.

Define the Satisfaction step in the motivated sequence.

Explains the proposed solution to the problem.

Define the Visualization step in the motivated sequence

Asks the audience to imagine the future if the proposed solution is implemented, as well as if the proposal is not adopted.

Define the Action step in the motivated sequence

The final step where you prompt the audience to take a specific action.

When are fear appeals most effective?

They are most effective when the audience believes the threat is severe enough to warrant their attention, when it relates to them personally, when clear and achievable solutions are provided, and when the speaker is perceived as trustworthy and knowledgeable.

Simile

A direct comparison using the word like or as

Metaphor

an implied comparison between two unlike things, without using like or as

Alliteration

the repetition of consonant sounds at the beginning of words that are near each other

Personification

Attributing human qualities to a concept or an inanimate object

Antithesis

Combining contrasting ideas in the same sentence.

Ad hominem

A fallacy that attempts to invalidate an opponent’s position based on a personal trait or fact about the opponent rather than logic. Ex: = You shouldn’t listen to John’s opinion on climate change because he failed a math class in high school.

Red herring

An attempt to shift focus from the debate at hand by introducing an irrelevant point. Ex: We shouldn’t worry about the environmental impact of plastic bags because of issues with healthcare.

Slippery slope

A fallacy where the arguer claims a specific series of events will follow one starting point, typically with no supporting evidence for this chain of events. Ex: If we allow students to redo their assignments, soon they’ll expect to redo every test, and eventually, they’ll demand to pass without doing any work at all.

Hasty generalization

A statement made after considering just one or a few examples rather than relying on more extensive research to back up the claim. Ex: My friend from New York is rude, so all people from New York must be rude.

Appeal to authority

A fallacy that claims an authority figure’s expertise to support a claim despite this expertise being irrelevant or overstated. Ex: You should buy this brand of shoes because a famous athlete endorses them.

Bandwagon

A fallacy that claims that a certain action is the right thing to do because it’s popular. Ex: Everyone is switching to this new diet, so it must be the best way to lose weight.

Appeal to ignorance

A fallacy that claims something must be true/false because it hasn’t been proven otherwise. Ex: No one has proven that aliens do not exist, so they must be real.

Appeal to pity

A fallacy that attempts to sway a reader’s or listener’s opinion by provoking them emotionally. Ex: You should give me an extension on my homework because I’ve been feeling really sick lately.

Problem-Solution

Explains the nature of a problem and then proposes a solution. Ex: 1. The problem of plastic pollution 2. Current ineffective measures 3. Proposed solutions to reduce plastic waste

Problem-Cause-Solution

Explains a problem, what caused it, and then proposes a solution. Ex: 1. Increasing traffic congestion in urban areas. 2. Over-reliance on personal vehicles and inadequate public transportation.3. Invest in and improve public transportation systems and encourage carpooling.

Spatial Pattern

This pattern organizes information based on location or direction. Ex: 1. The layout of a museum's first floor 2. Exhibits on the second floor 3. Outdoor attractions and facilities

Comparative advantages pattern

This pattern compares and contrasts two or more things. Ex: 1. Traditional education vs. online education 2. Benefits of traditional education 3. Benefits of online education

Topical Pattern

This pattern divides the subject into subtopics, each of which is a main point. Ex: 1. Different types of renewable energy 2. Benefits of renewable energy 3. Future of renewable energy

Chronological Pattern

This pattern arranges information according to a timeline or sequence of events. Ex: 1. Early life of a historical figure 2. Major achievements 3. Later years and legacy