Psychology Exam 3

Development Psychology

study how people change, physically, mentally, and socially throughout the life span

23 chromosomes

each parent contributed 23 chromosomes
(you have 46 chromosomes /23 pairs, each parent gives you 23 chromosomes)

Male has an ___ combination in the 23rd pair of chromosomes

XY

Female has an ___ combination in the 23rd pair chromosomes

XX

Zygote

each person begins life as a single cell, at the moment of conception

Most weaken or disappear by 6 months of age. They've replaced by...

voluntary behaviors

What are these examples of?
- sucking reflex
- grasping reflex
- rooting reflex
- Moro reflex

reflexes of newborns

Birth

at birth, an infant can distinguish between his mother's voice and another woman

Psychologists describe an infant's inborn predisposition to behave and react in a particular way as...

temperant

Attachment

describe and measure the emotional bond between the infant and caregiver

Sleeping arrangements

survey of family sleep arrangements in more than 100 cultures around the world revealed the infants customarily slept in the same room or bed as their mothers in the vast majority of cultures, but not in the United States

Schema

a concept or mental representation that guides the way a person makes sense of new info

3 basic parenting styles by psychologists Diana Baumrind are:

1. Authoritarian
2. Authoritative
3. Permissive

Which style of parenting is most likely to be associated with children who are well adjusted?

Authoritative

Adolscence

the stage that marks the transition between childhood and adulthood

Puberty

a stage where an individual reaches sexual maturity and becomes physiologically capable of sexual reproduction

Conflicts between parents and their adolescent children focus on issues of...

control and authority

Kohlberg's three levels of moral reasoning:

1. Preconventional
2. Conventional
3. Postconventional

According to Erik Erikson, the two fundamental themes that dominate adult development are...

love and work

Menopause

the end of menstruation in women, marking the end of reproductive capacity

Researchers has shown that people are most likely to marry someone who is...

1. Physically attractiveness
2. Status
3. Ethnicity
4. Beliefs
5. Values

Does the satisfaction with martial relationship will generally decrease OR increase after the life the birth of a child?

decrease

Death anxiety typically peaks prior to...

older adulthood

People reach their intellectual peak their...

forties

Majority of adults aged _______ in U.S. are ____, ____, and ________

65 and older
healthy, active, and self-sufficient

In the past 10 years, the percentage of people who lived in a nursing home...

decreased for all age groups

Sex

biological categories of "male" and "female"

primary sex characteristic

sexual organs that are directly involved in reproduction, such as uterus, ovaries, penis, and testicles

Gender

refers to cultural, social, and psychological meanings that are associated with masculinity and femininity

gender roles

the behaviors, attitudes, and personality traits that are designated as being masculine or feminine in a given culture

gender identity

a person's psychological sense of being either male or female is referred to as his or her gender identity

adolescent growth

the period of accelerated growth during puberty, involving rapid increases in height and weight

In both men and women, sexual activity and motivation is biologically influenced by bodily levels of...

testerone

Orgasm

shortest stage of the human sexual response

sexual orientation

describes whether an individual's sexual and emotional attraction is directed toward members of the same sex, of the opposite sex, or both sexes

heterosexual

sexually attracted to individuals of the other sex

homosexual

attracted to individuals of the same sex

cisgender

gender and sex match

transgender

gender and sex do not match

the most common sexual problems for women are...

low sexual desire and arousal problems

the most common thing among young women and older men

sexual dysfunctions

stress

an unpleasant physical or psychological reaction to circumstances you perceive as challenging

stressor

any event or change in one's life that causes stress

fight or flight

an automatic response to a perceived threat that prepares us to attack or run away from the threat

disruptions of sleep due to stress are...

hazardous to health

the holmes and rahe scales have been used to predict vulnerability to physical illness and psychological disorder due to different stressors that are...

negative and positive changes in life

conflict

a situation in which a person feels pulled between two or more opposing desires, motives, or goals

According to Friedman and Rosenman, _________ is a behavioral and emotional style characterized by a sense of time urgency, hostility, and competitiveness

Type A behavior pattern

Hostility

the component of the type A behavior pattern that predicts the development of coronary heart disease

coping

refers to the efforts to reduce or manage the experience of stress

Tend and Befriend

according to Shelley Taylor, response of stress that is possibly more characteristics of females

social support

the resources provided by other people in times of need, including emotional tangible, and information support

As compared to men, women are more likely to ______________ under stressful circumstances

seek out social support

Regular aerobic exercise appears to be helpful in...

stress management

one of the ways to promote wellness in one's life is...

get enough sleep

support behavior typically perceived as most helpful by...

people under stress is being a good listener and showing concern and interest

social psychology

the branch of psychology that studies how people think, feel, and behave in social situations

social norms

the "rules", or expectations for appropriate behavior in a particular social situations

attributions

an explanation of the cause of behavior

social categorization

the mental process of classifying people into groups on the basis of common characteristics

conformity

changes in individual's behavior to correspond to the behavior of group of other people

Soloman Asch

an American social psychologist who is best known for his pioneering studies of conformity

Obedience

changes in individual's behavior to comply with the demands of an authority figure

Stanley Milgram

a social psychologist best known for his controversial series of studies investigating obedience to an authority

the basic results of Milgram's original obedience study was that...

two-thirds of the subjects continued all the way to the full 450-volt level

Stereotypes

beliefs about a group's characteristics that are applied generally and often inaccurately to group members

One of the problems associated with stereotyped thinking is that once formed...

stereotypes are very hard to change

discrimination

action based on prejudice or stereotypes toward a social group

prejudice

a negative attitude toward people who belong in a specific group

the just-world hypothesis

the notion that the world is fair and that unfortunate events happen to those who deserve them

the bystander effect

the phenomenon in which the greater the number of people present means the less likely each individual is to help someone in distress

youthfulness

in heterosexual romantic relationships, men tend to seek women with youthfulness

altruism

helping another person with no exception of personal reward or benefit

prosocial behavior

only behavior that helps another person when the underlying motive is self-serving

the feel good, do good effect

when people feel good they are more likely to help others

kinship theory

in matters of life and death, we are more likely to help those with whom we share our genes

Philip Zimbardo's two-week mock prison experiment ended early because...

the subjects frightening behavior

researchers have conducted that sexual orientation is established as early as age 6 but once established...

sexual orientation is highly resistant to change

Girls tend to experience their first menstrual period at about the same age as their...

mothers