The act of noticing and describing events or processes in a careful, orderly way.
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Inference
A logical interpretation based on prior knowledge and experience.
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Hypothesis
Possible explanation for a set of observations or possible answer to a scientific question; a tentative, educated guess.
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controlled experiment
An experiment in which only one variable is manipulated at a time.
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Independent Variable
changed factor in a controlled experiment; variable that is manipulated
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Dependent Variable
The outcome factor; the variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable.
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Control Group
In an experiment, the group that is not exposed to the treatment; contrasts with the experimental group and serves as a comparison for evaluating the effect of the treatment.
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Data Theory
Provides abstract models for understanding the information conveyed by real world observations.
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Scientific Theory
a well-tested explanation for a set of observations or experimental results
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Bias
Favor against one side
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Biology
The study of life
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Sexual Reproduction
the production of new living organisms by combining genetic information from two individuals of different types.
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Asexual Reproduction
a mode of reproduction in which a new offspring is produced by a single parent.
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DNA
stores genetic information; the replicated genetic information during the interphase of mitosis
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Metabolsim
the process in which the body changes food and drink into energy
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Stimulus
anything that can trigger a physical or behavioral change.
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Homeostasis
when an organism can maintain internal stability while adjusting to changing external conditions
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Evolve
develop gradually, especially from a simple to a more complex form.
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Atom
the basic units of matter; made up of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
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nucleus
the center of the atom; holds genetic information (DNA)
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Electron
A negatively charged particle that is on the outside ring of an atom
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Element
A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
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Isotope
Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons
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Compound
substance formed by the chemical combination of two or more elements in definite proportions
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Ionic Bond
Formed when one or more electrons are transferred from one atom to another
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Ion
An atom or group of atoms that has a positive or negative charge.
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Covalent Bond
A chemical bond formed when two atoms share electrons; travel about the nuclei of both atoms.
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Molecule
two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds
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van der Waals forces
a slight attraction that develops between the oppositely charged regions of nearby molecules; briefly send out signals and carry out chemical reactions
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Hydrogen Bond
Attraction between a slightly positive hydrogen atom and a slightly negative atom.
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Cohesion
Attraction between molecules of the same substance
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Adhesion
An attraction between molecules of different substances
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Mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically combined
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Solutions
When ions gradually become dispersed in water.
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solute
A substance that is dissolved in a solution.
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solvent
the substance in which the solute dissolves
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Suspension
mixture of water and non-dissolved material
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pH scale
measurement system used to indicate the concentration of hydrogen ions (H+) in solution; ranges from 0 to 14
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Acid
any compound that forms H+ ions in solution; (lower than 7)
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Base
compound that produces hydroxide ions (OH-) in solution; solution with a pH of more than 7
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Buffer
weak acid or base that can react with strong acids or bases to help prevent sharp, sudden changes in pH
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monomer
A simple compound whose molecules can join together to form polymers; glucose, fructose, galactose
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polymer
large compound formed from combinations of many monomers; starch cellulose, glycogen
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carbohydrate
compound made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms; major source of energy for the human body
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Lipids
fats, oils, an waxes; used to store energy
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some are important in the biological membranes and waterproof coverings
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Nucleotides
consist of three parts: a 5-carbon sugar, a phosphate group, and a nitrogenous base
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Nucleic Acids
macromolecules containing hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, carbon, and phosphorus; store and transmit genetic information
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Proteins
Some proteins control the rate of reactions and regulate cell processes. Others form critical cellular structures, while still others transport substances into or out of cells to help fight disease.
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Amino acids
compounds with an amino group (-NH2) on one end and a carboxyl group (COOH) on the other end.
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Our body uses the proteins to create amino acids and uses dehydration synthesis to form our own proteins.
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Peptide bonds- are covalent bonds that link amino acids together to form a polypeptide.
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A protein is a functional molecule built from one or more polypeptides.
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Cells
Basic unit of life; the smallest units of life
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Cell theory
1. All living things are made up cells are of cells
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2. Cells are the basic unit of structure and function in living things
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3. New cells are produced from existing cells
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Cell membrane
thin, flexible barrier around a cell; regulates what enters and leaves the cell; semipermeable
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Nucleus
The nucleus contains nearly all of the cell's DNA (including the coded instructions for making proteins and other essential molecules).
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The nucleus controls most cell processes
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The nucleus is surrounded by a membrane (the nuclear envelope)
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Nuclear pores allow material to move into and out of the nucleus
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The nucleolus is in the center of the nucleus
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Eukaryote
A cell that contains a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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Prokaryote
A unicellular organism that lacks a nucleus and membrane bound organelles
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Cytoplasm
A jellylike fluid inside the cell in which the organelles are suspended
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Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis; makes proteins
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Endoplasmic Reticulum
cell structure that forms a maze of passageways in which proteins and other materials are carried from one part of the cell to another. (protein synthesis and transport, protein folding)
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Golgi apparatus
A system of membranes that modifies and packages proteins for export by the cell
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Vacuole
Central vacuole stores water, sugar, salt, protein, and carbohydrates, and are found in animal and plant cells
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The contractile vacuole continually fills with excess water from the cytoplasm and then expels itCentral vacuole stores water, sugar, salt, protein, and carbohydrates, and are found in animal and plant cells
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The contractile vacuole continually fills with excess water from the cytoplasm and then expels it
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Lysosome
cell organelle filled with enzymes needed to break down certain materials in the cell; waste (found in animal cells)
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Cytoskeleton
A network of fibers that holds the cell together, helps the cell to keep its shape, and aids in movement
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Chloroplasts
Capture energy from sunlight and use it to produce food for the cell (Green, Plant Cells [chlorophyll] that go through photosynthesis)
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Mitochondria
Powerhouse of the cell, organelle that is the site of ATP (energy) production
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Cell Wall
A rigid layer of nonliving material that surrounds the cells of plants and some other organisms.
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Lipid bilayer
flexible double-layered sheet that makes up the cell membrane and forms a barrier between the cell and its surroundings
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Seletively permeable
A property of cell membranes that allows some but not all of the organisms to pass through
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Homeostasis
relatively constant internal physical and chemical conditions that organisms maintain
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Diffusions
net movement from higher concentration to lower concentration; occurs across a membrane or within a solution- eventually reach an equilibrium
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Facilitated Diffusion
Movement of specific molecules across cell membranes through protein channels
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Aquaporin
A membrane protein, specifically a transport protein, that facilitates the passage of water through channel proteins.
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Osmosis
Diffusion of water through a selectively permeable membrane
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Isotonic
when the concentration of two solutions is the same
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Hypertonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the greater concentration of solutes
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Hypotonic
when comparing two solutions, the solution with the lesser concentration of solutes
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Osmotic Pressure
pressure that must be applied to prevent osmotic movement across a selectively permeable membrane
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Tissue
A group of similar cells that perform the same function.
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Organ
A collection of tissues that carry out a specialized function of the body
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Organ System
group of organs that work together to perform a specific function
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Receptor
protein that detects a signal molecule and performs an action in response
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Cell Division
process in which a cell divides into two new daughter cells
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Asexual Reproduction
A reproductive process that involves only one parent and produces offspring that are identical to the parent.
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sexual reproduction
A reproductive process that involves two parents that combine their genetic material to produce a new organism, which differs from both parents
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Ratio of Surface Area to Volume in a cell
divide the surface area by the volume.
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Chromosomes
a threadlike structure of nucleic acids and protein found in the nucleus of most living cells, carrying genetic information in the form of genes.
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Chromatin
Substance found in eukaryotic chromosomes that consists of DNA tightly coiled around histones
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Cell Cycle
series of events that cells go through as they grow and divide
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Flashcard (41)