Keating Mistakes

Draw DME

Dimethoxyethane

\-o/\\/o-

Draw Bz

Bz

Z is a rare letter

It’s a thing you never see! BENZOYL= ketone bit branched out of benzene

Draw Bn

Benzyl

Benzene w/ methyl

Why does EtOH have a larger b.p. than Et2O

Ethanol can self associate with h-bonds

Why can’t you get 100% pure ethanol via distillation?

Vapour reaches 96% purity- same as liquid- no more purification

Draw propylene glycol

List three solvents for oral medicines-

* glycerol
* ethanol
* propylene glycol ( 2 hydroxyls, 3 carbon chain)

Name a cationic surfactant

benzylalkonium chloride

draw beznyl alkonium chloride

draw sodium lauryl sulfate

Na+ is the floaty bit

Sulphate is attached to the carboxylic bit, replacing H

give other names for surfactants

detergent

emulsifying agents

explain amphillic

Compounds which simultaneously have both lipophilic and hydrophilic properties in the one molecule

draw

**sodium stearate**

Give the systematic name for S

stearic acid C=18

remember the n-

n-octadecanoic acid (an= no alkyne/alkene bonds)

Whats SDS

sodium dodelyl sulphate

describe the lenght of Benzalkonium chloride

8-18 carbon chain

draw **cetyl pyridinium chloride**

pyridine = 6 membered aromatic ring

16 carbon chain atatched to the N

hence quartenary amine= + charge

how many c in myristic acid

14

how many c in palmic acid

16

how many c in stearic acid

18

how many c in lauric acid

12

how many c in capryl acid?

8

How many c in caprylyl acid

10

draw sorbitan monostearate

the fatty acid added at the primary alcohol of sorbitan

what’s the structure of oleic acid

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Oleic acid

9*Z*-hexadecenoic acid

16 carbion chaiin

cis alkene bond at C9

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which have PEG units

tweens/ spans

Tweens HAVE FATTY ACID + PEGS

spans have ONLY the monopalmitate bit (fatty acid bit!)

draw a polysorbate monoester (tween)

describe how to increase / decrease aq solubity of a polysorbate monoester

for an x amount of ethoxy groups within the molecule→ more esters= more lipophillic

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more ethoxy groups (n /o\\/ ) more hydrophillic

draw azo

Draw quinine

draw an indigoid

draw triarylmethane

whtas the range of the visible sprectrum?

400-800nm

where is red absorbed

500nm lamba max

what’s used to measure the lamba max?

visible spectrometer

what’s electron delocation

e- movement throught the overlapping pi orbitals

what’s a conjugated system

system of overlapping pi orbitals tahts allows for delocalisation of pi electrons (in double bonds/triple/lone pairs)

what controls the colour

The greater the degree of conjugation, the longer the wavelength required (lower energy) for π-electrons to undergo transition

→ pi electrons bounce more easily if more conjugation so less energy needed= longer wavelenght (red absorbed)

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why does pH alter colour

partially protenated= no lone pairs on amine for example

less conjugation → higher energy, shorter wavelenghts absorbed wh

what happens when electrons absorb energy from wavelnghts

promoted to a higher energy level

no longer have opposite spin

→ quantum of specific energy is absorbed by one of the electrons, it may undergo a transition to a higher, excited state (↑↑) – σ to σ\* or π to π\*.

what are the rules for a ring flip?

up stays up

down stays down

equitorial becomes axial (and vice versa)

where C2 was, C1 replaces it

the first two / / parrallel lines are drawn in the opposite direction→ \\ \\

wedge = up

dash=down

explain the difference between monoterpenes and sesquiterpenes

monoterpene→ one set of C-10

sesqui (1.5) terpene→ one and a half sets of C10→ C15 in total

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what measures the composition of oils?

gas chromotography

draw vanillin

benzyladehyde base

hydroxy group at C4

methoxy group at C3

when naming the hydroxy group goes firts despite being @ C4 due to alphabetical order

what’s the difference between vanillina nd vanillic acid?

vanillic acid has the benzylALDEHYDE oxidised to the acid form

what’s the difference between thymol and methanol

thymol is an aromatic ring

planarhow

how do amine taste

bitter

draw methanol

one methyl

one isopropyl group

one hydroxyl

draw the major componnemt of aniseed oil

trans!

methoxy para to the propene substituent

called trans anethole

what can bond to H by h bonding?

lone pairs of e- of O / N

whats a furanose

5 memberred ring with o

what molecules are chiral

ones with 4 dif substituents

SOS TAG isnt chiral, O bit has 2 S subsituents

where can you start the mesomeric move of e- when doing resonance structures

not only at the lone pair

go ahead and start at the middle of the ring!

what’s the hawroth projection

the ring onede

describe the stereohemistry of fisher prohection

vertical bonds→ dashed

horizontal bonds→ wedged

whats \[a\]d

specific optical rotation

independent of conc and sample tube lenght

whats the anomeric carbon

carbon derived from the carbonyl

new chiral centre

how does a mutorotation work

all three (alpha, beta, aliphatic) in equilibrium in aq sol

beta→ aliphatic→ alpha and so on by doing a twistyy

what wavelenght is sodium d light?

589nm

whats th flash point?

min temp needed to vapourise

why does the sulfone group increase solubility

allows partial ionisation at a pH of 7

what’s e delocalisation

the movement of e- through overlapping pi orbotals due to conjugation

if pka>ph protenated / deprotenated?

protenated

remmeber

amines @peptide pka= 9 , at phys pH they are protenated

draw vinylchrolide

vinyl→ c=c bond

chloride replaces a H

Draw PVC and assign polymer type

homopolymer linear

draw acrylnitrile

C=C

one H replaced with cyano group

whats methin

R3-C-H

the carbon attached to three Rs

how are graft polymers made?

x/ gamma radiationde

describe graft polymer structure

made with homopolymers

a-a-a-a branched off of b-b-b-b

describe the properties of graft polymers

retain some of the homopolymers

how are random polymers made

radical mechanism

how are block copolymers made

ionic polymerisation

describe propertie of block copolymers

retain some from homopolymers

draw ethylene oxide

epoxide

2c one Od

draw propylene oxide

3carbon - epoxide and a methyl CHIRAL!!!

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describe the sterreochem of polyoxalane

if the propylene oxide racemic then polyoxalene is also racemic

draw vinylbenzene

benzene-C=C

what kimd of polymer does vinylbenzene and acrylnitrile make?

regualr polymer

a-b-a-b

what are crosslined polymers

their branches are also linked to each other

describe the phys properties of crosslinked polymers

swell when a=water added

decreased solubility

whats the name of acrrylic acid with a methyl replacing H on the hydroxy group

methyl acrylate w

whats the name of acrrylic acid with a methyl replacing H on the ethene

methyl acrylic acid d

draw acrylic acid

ethene with COOH on it