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If two enzymes that are in different ____________ compete for the same __________, the enzyme with the _________ affinity will get the substrate.
pathways, substrate, higher
an enzyme with ____ affinity won’t become ________.
less, active
glucose enters cells and becomes _______________ to form glucose-_-_______________.
phosphorylated, 6-phosphate
______________ can function in preventing ___________ from leaving the cell, and ____________ glucose to help further ______________.
phosphorylation, glucose, destabilizing, metabolism
Glucose has no ________, G-6-P is ___________ charged.
charge, negatively
Two enzymes (isozymes) that can _____________ glucose are _____knase and _____kinase
phosphorylate, hexo, gluco
Glucose always moves ____ to ____.
high, low
_____kinase is found in all ________, and _____ ___ require insulin, and is __________ by its product G-6-p
hexo, tissues, does not, inhibited
_____kinase has a _____ affinity for glucose (low Km) and opperates efficiently at normal _______ glucose levels.
hexo, high, blood
______kniase has adapted for utillizing _________ as an _________ source, example: cellular respiration for ATP production.
hexo, glucose, energy
_______kinase is found in the ______, pancrease, (gut and brain), and is activated by ________ and _________.
gluco, liver, insulin, glucose
Insulin ____________ transcription of GK gene in the _____ for glucoknase, and is ___ inhibited by G-6_P
increases, liver, not
_____kinase has a ____ affinity for glucose, and acts as a glucose ________.
gluco, low, sensor
________kinase regulates _____________ metabolism, and has a ____ response when _______ glucose levels are high. glucose stored as glycogen or fat.
Gluco, carbohydrate, high, blood,
_______kinase has a high ________ where the liver removes __________ from _________ to prevent hyperglycemia
Gluco, Vmax, glucose, blood
_____ is the rate at which ____________ molecules are converted to __________ by a single statured enzyme at ___________ velocity, (moles of product/sec).
Kcat, substrate, product, maximum.
The ________ the kcat, the more ____________ produce/sec. turnover numbers vary greatly among __________.
larger, product, enzymes
___ Km does not necessarily mean _____ Kcat.
high affinity could _________ rate of reaction
catalysis might require other _________ that are present in limited amounts
________ might require many steps.
Low, high, reduce, molecules, catalysis
Enzyme efficiency is a measure of how __________ and enzyme converts __________ into __________. (also a measure of preference)
efficiently, substrates, products
enzyme ___________ - Kcat/Km
efficiency
Either a ______ value of Kcat (rapid turnover) or a ______ value of Km (high affinity for substrate) makes Kcat/Km _______.
large, small, large
within a ____ protein and enzyme _________ is tightly controlled. The ___________ of protein activity occurs at many _______.
cell, activity, regulations, levels
The ____________ of protein activities can consist of:
control of _____ ____________
________ degradation rates,
confining protein activity to particular _________ compartment/vesicle
adjusting protein activity by __________ with other molecules.
regulation, gene expression, protein, cellular, interacting
factors that can affect or conrol enzyme/protein function:
___ and _______
__________ and coenzyme
__________ regulation
pH, temp, cofactors, allosteric
proteins and enzymes have two different binding sites, _______ and ______________.
active, allosteric
____________ sites are have one or more ______ at a different location that recognize regulatory ___________.
allosteric, sites, molecules
the __________ of regulatory molecule/s affect _________ site and ___________.
binding, active, catalysis
____________ and ______________ can regulate other ____________ by either increasing or reducing their activity.
activators, inhibitors, molecules
enzyme ____________ decrease activity. They have two major types, _________ and ___________
inhibitors, reversible, irreversible
_________________ inhibitors bind enzyme __________ by modifying amino acid residues, can cause permanent loss of __________ activity, and are generally ______ to cells, Examples heavy metal ions, nerve gas, poisons, some insecticided.
irreversible, covalently, catalytic, toxic.
__________ inhibitors bind enzymes non-covalently and can __________ from the enzyme. There are two types, ____________ and _______________.
reversible, dissociate, competitive, noncompetitive
______________ inhibitor binds to an _______ site, which stops the activeness of an enzyme until it falls off.
competive, active,
______________ inhibitor bonds to ___________ site, where it inhibits ___________ binding or reduced _________ activity at the active
noncompetitive, allosteric, substrate, catalytic
factors that can affect or control enzyme/protein function:
__________ regulation
____________ activation/cleavage
__________ modification
ATP ____________
feedback, proteolytic, covalent, hydrolysis