gram positive rods - bacteriology exam 1

genus of gram positive rods

bacillus, listeria, corynebacterium, clostridium, mycobacterium (sometimes considered)

genus of bacillus

anthracis, cereus

epidemiology of bacillus

spore forming

bacillus anthracis transmission

ingestion, cutaneous, inhalation

virulence factors of bacillus anthracis

immune avoidance (capsule), exotoxin

toxins of bacillus anthracis

PA + LF = edema toxin, LF + EF = lethal toxin

treatment of bacillus anthracis

antibiotics (resistance), vaccinations in animals

bacillus cereus transmission

ingestion - associated with contaminated food

virulence factors of bacillus cereus

exotoxins

heat stable form

heat does not kill, causes vomiting

heat liable form

heat kills, causes diarrhea

treatment of bacillus cereus

pepto-bismol, antibiotics in immunocompromised

prevention of bacillus cereus

minimize exposure by cooking and storing food properly

epidemiology of listeria

grows at 4 degrees C, in high salt concentrations, and in wide pH range. is facilitative intracellular pathogen

facilitative intracellular pathogen

doesn’t want to be inside of cells, but will be fine. not destroyed by macrophage.

transmission of listeria

contaminated food and dairy

virulence factors of listeria

cell invasion, escapes lysosome

disease listeria causes

diarrhea, spontaneous abortion in pregnant women, meningitis

treatment of listeria

self limiting, only treated in immunocompromised. can develop antibiotic resistance

prevention of listeria

cook food properly, avoid raw dairy, raw vegetables, and undercooked meat.

genus of corynebacterium

corynebacterium diphtheriae

epidemiology of corynebacterium

normal flora. is an facultative anerobe

facultative anerobe

can live in presence or absence of oxygen

virulence factors of corynebacterium

exotoxin (a-b) - result of transduction, regulated expression, a blocks eukaryotic translation

disease caused by corynebacterium

death of lung and heart cells, non-healing ulcers

treatment of corynebacterium

antibiotics, passive immunization against exotoxin

prevention of corynebacterium

vaccination against toxoid, D in DTaP/DPT vaccine

genus of clostridium

difficile, perfinges, tetani, botulinum

common factors of clostridium

exist in soil water, sewage, normal flora, obligate anaerobe, exotoxins

obligate anaerobe

cannot grow in presence of oxygen

transmission of difficile

normal flora

transmission of perfinges

contaminated food

transmission of tetani

cutaneous

transmission of botulinum

contaminated food

viruelence factors of difficile

a-b exotoxin

virulence factors of perfinges, tetani, botulinum

neurotoxin

disease of difficile

mild - diarrhea, severe - colitis

disease of perfinges

mild - cellulitis, severe - myonecrosis

disease of tetani

mild - localized muscle spasms, severe - systemic or neonatal muscle spasms

disease of botulinum

severe- paralysis and respiratory arrest

treatment of difficle

antibiotics, fecal transplant

treatment of perfinges

antibiotics, debridement

treatment of tetani

antibiotics, debridement, passive immunization against toxin

treatment of botulinum

antibiotic, passive immunization against toxin

debridement

exposure to oxygen, adding oxygen

prevention of difficile

proper antibiotic usage, good hygiene

prevention of perfinges

cooking food properly

prevention of tetani

toxoid - DTaP/DPT

prevention of botulinum

proper canning, proper food preparation

mycobacterium genus

tuberculosis

mycobacterium growth rate

slow growth, can be years between infection and symptoms

mycobacterium is considered to be

gram neutral, acid fast

epidemiology of mycobacterium

1/3 of world’s population is currently infected, restricted to humans

virulence factors of mycobacterium

intracellular pathogen, granuloma

intracellular pathogen

prevents fusion lysosome, hard for immune system to kill, is controlled but not cleared

granuloma

tb is contained in body in these to contain the active infection

disease of mycobacterium

respiratory - blood in sputum, can be systemic in immunocompromised

treatment of mycobaceterium

controlled in healthy individuals, using antibiotics is very complex

transmission of mycobacterium

aerosol

prevention of mycobacterium

screening (tb tests), vaccinations (not in US or HIV positive individuals)