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The more distal the pacemaker site is, the ___ the heart rate
slower
What does the LAD supply?
anterior wall and septum
What artery is known as the widow maker?
LAD
What does the circumflex artery supply?
lateral LV wall
What does the RCA supply?
RV and posterior/inferior LV wall
What reduces the SA intrinsic rate to ~70 bpm?
PNS
Conduction pathway:
SA node → AV node → His bundle → bundle branches → Purkinje fibers
What lowers contractility?
inadequate O2 supply, loss of myocardial cells
What is a normal ejection fraction?
55-65%
Afterload has a ___ relationship with stroke volume
inverse
Preload has a ___ relationship with stroke volume
direct
According to the Frank-starling relationship, more stretch = ___ contraction
greater
What is the EF % to classify heart failure?
25%
How do catecholamines and inotropic drugs increase contractility?
increasing Ca++ uptake
Bradycardia is defined by a HR of ___
<60
Tachycardia is defined by a HR of ____
>100
What are the two mechanisms for bradycardia?
SA and AV Node Dysfunction
What is another name for SA node dysfunction?
Sick Sinus Syndrome
What are some signs of SSS?
sinus pause, winded, low energy, occasional junctional rhythm
What causes SA node dysfunction?
increased vagal tone, increased aged, drugs (B blocker, Ca+ channel blockers)
What are the only 2 ways conduction can enter the ventricles?
AV node and His bundle
During junctional rhythm what node is in charge?
AV node
EKG signs of AV node dysfunction
long PR interval
complete cessation of AV node activity leads to
total heart block
The SA node paces at
60-100 bpm
The AV node paces at
40-60 bpm
The His Bundle paces at
20-40 bpm
Which degree of AV block is evident when there is long AV conduction (long PR interval) but still 1:1 AV conduction?
1st degree
Which degree of AV block is evident when not all atrial impulses are conducted to the ventricles resulting in lonely P waves?
2nd degree
Which degree of AV block is evident when there is no association between atrial and ventricular activity?
3rd degree
What causes AV node dysfunction?
increasing age, increased vagal input, drugs, congenital and acquired disorder
What diseases is indicated if the PR wave gets longer and longer followed by a dropped QRS complex?
Wenkebach
What disease is indicated if a QRS complex randomly doesn’t get through?
Mobitz II
What 3 mechanisms cause tachycardia?
increased depolarization, triggered tachycardias, reentry tachycardias
Triggered tachycardias occur when a special event happens during the …
relative refractory period
Increased automaticity of the SA node leads to what type of tachycardia?
increased depolarization
What type of tachycardia is seen in some patients taking procainamide or quinidine and digoxin toxicity?
Polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (Torsade de Pointes)
What type of tachycardia can be triggered if there is severe chest impact within a very specific point of the cardiac cycle triggering V. fib?
Commotio Cordis
What is it called when the tissue repolarizes slowly leading to a long refractory period, leaving a longer window for a triggered event to happen?
Long QT syndrome
What drugs cause QT interval prolongation?
AABCDDE
antiArrhythmics, antiAnginals, antiBiotics, antiCychotics, antiDepressants, Diuretics, antiEmetics
Reentry tachycardias occur at the ___
AV node
What is the HR usually for pts with AVNRT?
~150 bpm
AVNRT is frequently caused by?
PACs
What is the most common reentry tachycardia?
WPW
What causes WPW?
accessory AV connection
If a pt has WPW what would be a giveaway on the EKG?
delta wave and short PR
Where does SVT originate from?
above the ventricles
Management of tachycardias depends on if the ___ is narrow or wide
QRS
If the QRS complex is narrow the tachycardia is stemming from what source?
Atrial
If the QRS complex is wide the tachycardia is stemming from what source?
Ventricular
What three things determine SV?
contractility, afterload, preload
60 year old male presents to the clinic lightheaded. His EKG shows long QT interval. What arrhythmia is he most susceptible to?
triggered tachycardia
What would show on the EKG of a pt in SVT?
narrow QRS complex
What area of the heart will cause a 2.3 second pause when damaged?
SA node
Pt presents to the clinic with lightheadedness and feeling dizzy. EKG shows no association between P waves and the QRS complexes. What type of heart block is this?
3rd degree AV block