Protective Tariffs Taxes on imported goods that helped Northern industry but hurt the Southern export economy Foreign Relations (William Seward) Seward pushed for U.S. global power through diplomacy and expansion Treaty of Kanagawa Agreement allowing U.S. ships to trade with Japan to open markets and project power Seward's Icebox (Alaska Purchase) Seward's purchase of Alaska, mocked but expanded U.S. territory Burlingame Treaty Protected U.S. missionaries in China and encouraged Chinese immigration Railroads Connected the nation, boosted communication, economy, and travel Munn v. Illinois Allowed states to regulate railroads for the public good Gold Standard Monetary system valuing currency only in gold, replacing bimetallism Crime of 1873 (Coinage Act) Ended silver coinage, angering miners and debtors Homestead Act Granted 160 acres in the West to settlers who farmed it for 5 years Morrill Act Provided federal land for new Western colleges Long Drive Cowboys herding cattle to railroads for transport Exodusters African Americans moving West to escape Southern racism Life in the West Harsh farming conditions: bad weather, no irrigation, small plots Yellowstone/National Parks Land protected for beauty, recreation, and conservation Sand Creek Massacre U.S. attack on Cheyenne; major Native casualties Fetterman Massacre Native victory over U.S. forces (Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho) Battle of Little Bighorn Native victory; Custer's Last Stand Wounded Knee Massacre U.S. victory; last major Native conflict Ghost Dance Movement Native spiritual revival to restore their land and culture Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock Ruled Congress could ignore past treaties with Natives Dawes Severalty Act Broke up Native land to force assimilation Frederick Jackson Turner Wrote Frontier Thesis: American identity shaped by Western conquest Summary (Chapter 16) U.S. expanded internationally and developed the West, causing conflicts with Natives and policies to assimilate them Vertical Integration Company controls all steps of production (Swift) Horizontal Integration Company buys out competitors by cutting prices (Rockefeller) Trusts Groups of companies managed as one, often creating monopolies Shift in Management Dividing company tasks into specialized departments Skilled vs. Unskilled Workers Skilled workers replaced by cheaper, repetitive unskilled labor Scientific Management System rewarding faster work; workers follow orders exactly Old Immigrants Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany (Protestant, English-speaking) New Immigrants Immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe; Catholic/Jewish, poor, non-English-speaking Chinese Exclusion Act Banned Chinese immigration and blocked citizenship Great Railroad Strike Major labor strike showing power of unions and worker unrest Henry George Criticized industrialization for causing poverty Greenback Labor Party Wanted more money in circulation and worker protections Producerism Belief that workers create value while owners exploit labor Granger Laws Early railroad regulations; weak enforcement Knights of Labor Inclusive union; against child labor, trusts; preferred gov intervention Haymarket Protest Violent clash causing decline in labor union popularity Farmers' Alliance Farmers fighting for railroad regulation and economic reform Hatch Act Funded agricultural research and education Interstate Commerce Act Created ICC to regulate railroads (weak enforcement) Closed Shop Workers must join union to be hired AFL (American Federation of Labor) Craft union fighting for basic improvements (wages, hours) Tactics Against Unions Lockouts, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, militias, court orders Homestead & Pullman Strikes Violent labor strikes revealing worker frustration Summary (Chapter 17) Industrial growth created monopolies, immigration waves, harsh labor conditions, and rising union movements Consumer Culture Growth of leisure shopping among wealthy Americans Plessy v. Ferguson Court ruling allowing "separate but equal" segregation Jim Crow Laws State laws enforcing racial segregation YMCA Organization helping young men/immigrants adjust to urban life Negro Leagues Black baseball leagues excluded from white leagues Sierra Club Organization promoting mountain and wilderness protection National Park Service Federal agency managing national parks Antiquities Act Allowed presidents to protect land as national monuments National Audubon Society Conservation group protecting wildlife Solitude of Self Stanton's argument for women's individual rights Comstock Act Banned distribution of birth control and sexual information Booker T. Washington Promoted industrial education and gradual racial progress Tuskegee Institute Washington's school for practical, industrial training Atlanta Compromise Speech encouraging economic progress over immediate equality Education Expansion New colleges created via Morrill Act and philanthropy Liberal Arts New academic fields like economics, poli sci, and astronomy WCTU Women's reform group fighting for temperance and social issues National Association of Colored Women Black women aiding communities and promoting reform NAWSA Major women's suffrage movement Anti-Suffragists Opposed women's voting rights, claiming it was too costly Feminism Movement for full social, political, economic equality Social Darwinism Belief that rich succeed because of strength; poor fail because lazy Eugenics Movement to control reproduction to create "better" population Modernism/Naturalism Artistic movements challenging traditional ideas American Protective Association Anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish nativist group Social Gospel Protestant reform movement helping the poor Fundamentalism Religious movement focusing on literal Bible interpretation Summary (Chapter 18) Industrialization fueled consumer culture, conservation, racial segregation, women's activism, immigration tension, and new social/religious ideas Waving the Bloody Shirt Republican strategy blaming Democrats for Civil War Political Machines Urban organizations controlling politics through corruption and immigrant support Solid South Democratic dominance in Southern states Williams v. Mississippi Allowed literacy tests and poll taxes; suppressed Black voters Stalwarts Republicans supporting spoils system Half-Breeds Republicans wanting merit-based gov jobs Mugwumps Reform Republicans who backed Cleveland Pendleton Act Replaced spoils system with civil service exams Election of 1884 Cleveland (Dem.) beats Blaine with Mugwump support Silverites Farmers wanting more silver coinage for cheaper money supply Gold Bugs Bankers favoring gold standard Coinage Act of 1873 Ended silver currency; angered farmers/miners Bland-Allison & Sherman Acts Required gov to buy silver, briefly restoring bimetallism Tariffs (Gilded Age) High tariffs debated between farmers and industry Populism Farmers' movement demanding political/economic reforms Omaha Platform Populist demands (income tax, direct election, RR ownership, 8-hour day) Wisconsin Plan Initiative, referendum, recall (direct democracy reforms) Panic of 1893 Major economic crash from railroad failures Coxey's Army Jobless march demanding federal jobs End of Bimetallism Silver value collapses; gold standard restored Summary (Chapter 19) Gilded Age politics were corrupt and divided, leading to Populist reforms and major debates over money, tariffs, and government power

From The APUSH(er) study guide by Roman: https://docs.google.com/document/d/1zkgygiFLf202EPwzGL9AH7xz_9csU3FHvrKc25Y_-Ss/copy

Protective Tariffs

Taxes on imported goods that helped Northern industry but hurt the Southern export economy

Foreign Relations (William Seward)

Seward pushed for U.S. global power through diplomacy and expansion

Treaty of Kanagawa

Agreement allowing U.S. ships to trade with Japan to open markets and project power

Seward's Icebox (Alaska Purchase)

Seward's purchase of Alaska, mocked but expanded U.S. territory

Burlingame Treaty

Protected U.S. missionaries in China and encouraged Chinese immigration

Railroads

Connected the nation, boosted communication, economy, and travel

Munn v. Illinois

Allowed states to regulate railroads for the public good

Gold Standard

Monetary system valuing currency only in gold, replacing bimetallism

Crime of 1873 (Coinage Act)

Ended silver coinage, angering miners and debtors

Homestead Act

Granted 160 acres in the West to settlers who farmed it for 5 years

Morrill Act

Provided federal land for new Western colleges

Long Drive

Cowboys herding cattle to railroads for transport

Exodusters

African Americans moving West to escape Southern racism

Life in the West

Harsh farming conditions: bad weather, no irrigation, small plots

Yellowstone/National Parks

Land protected for beauty, recreation, and conservation

Sand Creek Massacre

U.S. attack on Cheyenne; major Native casualties

Fetterman Massacre

Native victory over U.S. forces (Lakota, Cheyenne, Arapaho)

Battle of Little Bighorn

Native victory; Custer's Last Stand

Wounded Knee Massacre

U.S. victory; last major Native conflict

Ghost Dance Movement

Native spiritual revival to restore their land and culture

Lone Wolf v. Hitchcock

Ruled Congress could ignore past treaties with Natives

Dawes Severalty Act

Broke up Native land to force assimilation

Frederick Jackson Turner

Wrote Frontier Thesis: American identity shaped by Western conquest

Summary (Chapter 16)

U.S. expanded internationally and developed the West, causing conflicts with Natives and policies to assimilate them

Vertical Integration

Company controls all steps of production (Swift)

Horizontal Integration

Company buys out competitors by cutting prices (Rockefeller)

Trusts

Groups of companies managed as one, often creating monopolies

Shift in Management

Dividing company tasks into specialized departments

Skilled vs. Unskilled Workers

Skilled workers replaced by cheaper, repetitive unskilled labor

Scientific Management

System rewarding faster work; workers follow orders exactly

Old Immigrants

Immigrants from England, Ireland, Germany (Protestant, English-speaking)

New Immigrants

Immigrants from Southern/Eastern Europe; Catholic/Jewish, poor, non-English-speaking

Chinese Exclusion Act

Banned Chinese immigration and blocked citizenship

Great Railroad Strike

Major labor strike showing power of unions and worker unrest

Henry George

Criticized industrialization for causing poverty

Greenback Labor Party

Wanted more money in circulation and worker protections

Producerism

Belief that workers create value while owners exploit labor

Granger Laws

Early railroad regulations; weak enforcement

Knights of Labor

Inclusive union; against child labor, trusts; preferred gov intervention

Haymarket Protest

Violent clash causing decline in labor union popularity

Farmers' Alliance

Farmers fighting for railroad regulation and economic reform

Hatch Act

Funded agricultural research and education

Interstate Commerce Act

Created ICC to regulate railroads (weak enforcement)

Closed Shop

Workers must join union to be hired

AFL (American Federation of Labor)

Craft union fighting for basic improvements (wages, hours)

Tactics Against Unions

Lockouts, blacklists, yellow-dog contracts, militias, court orders

Homestead & Pullman Strikes

Violent labor strikes revealing worker frustration

Summary (Chapter 17)

Industrial growth created monopolies, immigration waves, harsh labor conditions, and rising union movements

Consumer Culture

Growth of leisure shopping among wealthy Americans

Plessy v. Ferguson

Court ruling allowing "separate but equal" segregation

Jim Crow Laws

State laws enforcing racial segregation

YMCA

Organization helping young men/immigrants adjust to urban life

Negro Leagues

Black baseball leagues excluded from white leagues

Sierra Club

Organization promoting mountain and wilderness protection

National Park Service

Federal agency managing national parks

Antiquities Act

Allowed presidents to protect land as national monuments

National Audubon Society

Conservation group protecting wildlife

Solitude of Self

Stanton's argument for women's individual rights

Comstock Act

Banned distribution of birth control and sexual information

Booker T. Washington

Promoted industrial education and gradual racial progress

Tuskegee Institute

Washington's school for practical, industrial training

Atlanta Compromise

Speech encouraging economic progress over immediate equality

Education Expansion

New colleges created via Morrill Act and philanthropy

Liberal Arts

New academic fields like economics, poli sci, and astronomy

WCTU

Women's reform group fighting for temperance and social issues

National Association of Colored Women

Black women aiding communities and promoting reform

NAWSA

Major women's suffrage movement

Anti-Suffragists

Opposed women's voting rights, claiming it was too costly

Feminism

Movement for full social, political, economic equality

Social Darwinism

Belief that rich succeed because of strength; poor fail because lazy

Eugenics

Movement to control reproduction to create "better" population

Modernism/Naturalism

Artistic movements challenging traditional ideas

American Protective Association

Anti-Catholic, anti-Jewish nativist group

Social Gospel

Protestant reform movement helping the poor

Fundamentalism

Religious movement focusing on literal Bible interpretation

Summary (Chapter 18)

Industrialization fueled consumer culture, conservation, racial segregation, women's activism, immigration tension, and new social/religious ideas

Waving the Bloody Shirt

Republican strategy blaming Democrats for Civil War

Political Machines

Urban organizations controlling politics through corruption and immigrant support

Solid South

Democratic dominance in Southern states

Williams v. Mississippi

Allowed literacy tests and poll taxes; suppressed Black voters

Stalwarts

Republicans supporting spoils system

Half-Breeds

Republicans wanting merit-based gov jobs

Mugwumps

Reform Republicans who backed Cleveland

Pendleton Act

Replaced spoils system with civil service exams

Election of 1884

Cleveland (Dem.) beats Blaine with Mugwump support

Silverites

Farmers wanting more silver coinage for cheaper money supply

Gold Bugs

Bankers favoring gold standard

Coinage Act of 1873

Ended silver currency; angered farmers/miners

Bland-Allison & Sherman Acts

Required gov to buy silver, briefly restoring bimetallism

Tariffs (Gilded Age)

High tariffs debated between farmers and industry

Populism

Farmers' movement demanding political/economic reforms

Omaha Platform

Populist demands (income tax, direct election, RR ownership, 8-hour day)

Wisconsin Plan

Initiative, referendum, recall (direct democracy reforms)

Panic of 1893

Major economic crash from railroad failures

Coxey's Army

Jobless march demanding federal jobs

End of Bimetallism

Silver value collapses; gold standard restored

Summary (Chapter 19)

Gilded Age politics were corrupt and divided, leading to Populist reforms and major debates over money, tariffs, and government power