Chapter 1: Measurements and Units

• Physical Quantity is a ==quantity that can be measured==. It consists of a numerical magnitude and a unit.

Numbers and Units

Prefixes for SI units

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Powers of 10

Scientific Notation

• Numbers written using powers of ten are in scientific notation or standard form.
• For example;

System of Units

SI Units

• Are set ==systematic international units,== for measuring mass, time, and other base units and derived quantities.

Mass

• Is the ==measure of the amount of substance in an object.==
• Has the following effects:
  • all objects are attracted to the Earth. The greater the mass of an object, the stronger is he Earth’s gravitational pull on it.
  • all objects resist attempts to make them go faster, slower, or in a different direction. The greater the mass, the greater is the resistance to change in motion.
• SI base unit is kilogram (kg).

Time

• SI base unit is second (s).
• Following are some of other units for second:

Length

• SI base unit is metre (m).

  

Measuring Length and Time

Measuring Length

• Ruler can be ==used to measure small distances== of a few centimetres (cm).
  • They are able to measure to the nearest millimetre (mm).
  • Can measure upto one metre.
  • Example of usage:
  • height of the table
• Micrometer is ==used to measure objects that are too small to be measured== with vernier calipers
  • Gives a precision of 0.01 mm
  • Can measure measurements of less than 25 cm.
  • Example of usage:
  • diameter of a wire
• Vernier Calliper is a ==useful tool for measuring both internal and external diameters==.
  • They are able to measure to a precision of 0.01 cm.

Measuring Time

• Time intervals of many seconds or minutes can be ==measured using a a== ==stopwatch.==
  • Some instruments have analogue or a digital display.

Volume and Density

Volume

• It is the quantity of space an object takes up.
• It’s SI unit is cubic metre (m^3).

Density

• It is the ==quantity of mass per unit volume of a substance.==
• Formula:
  • Density= Mass/Volume
  • ρ=m/v
  • ρ is a greek letter ‘rho’ .
  • (both equations are same, written in different ways; i.e first one is the word equation and the other one is symbolic equation.
• SI unit of density is kilogram per cubic metre (kg m^-3).
• Objects that are %%less dense than water will float on water; and objects that are denser than water will sink.%%

Measuring Volume and Density

Measuring Volume

Liquid

• Its volume ==can be measured using a measuring cylinder.==
• Most cylinders have scale marked in millilitres (ml) or cubic centimetres (cm^3).

Regular Solid

• If an object has a simple shape, its volume can be calculated through formula. For example:
  • volume of a regular block = length x width x height

Irregular Solid

• ==If the shape of the object is too awkward to calculate its volume, then immerse the object in a measuring cylinder filled with water and then calculate the increase in water level. This value will be the volume of the object.==

Measuring Density

• Once volume of the object is obtained through one of the above methods suitable, find the mass of the object using a balance.

• Following is one of the example:

  

Checking the mass and density of a liquid

• An easy method of finding the density of a liquid is by using a small float called hydrometer.

  

• The relative density on a hydrometer indicates the ^^relative density^^ of the liquid.

• Checks like these are important in some production processes.

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