National parks 2

What is the rock cycle starting with magma and ending with it

magma, igneous rock, sediment, sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, magma

two types of weathering

Mechanical and chemical

mechanical weathering

physical breaking down of rock

chemical weathering

chemical reaction that changes a minerals chemical composition

agents of weathering

wind, water, freezing, heat/cool

types of mechanical weathering

frost wedging, organic activity, exfoliation,

what is this?

exfoliation

example of organic mechanical weathering

roots prying apart rock

physical weathering _____ the rock’s surface area

increases

what type of areas would have more mechanical weathering

arctic and dry areas

types of chemical weathering

leaching, oxidation, dissolution

leaching

the removal of soluble components

dissolution

rock dissolves completely in water

sinkholes are what type of weathering

chemical- dissolution

what controls the rate of weathering

climate, parent material, presence of absence of soil

erosion

the breakdown and Transportation of material

how are materials transported

water, wind, glaciers

what size rock does water transport

large and small sediment

what size rock does wind transport

fine sediment

what size rock does glaciers transport

all sizes

plateau

broad level region with high elevation

types of streams

straight, braided, meandering

straight streams

simple single channels

braided stream

shifting streams with sediment bars

meandering streams

constantly shiftinghighly snarky rivers

what stream has a steep gradient

braided

what stream has a gentle gradient

meandering

what is this

braided stream

what are the three ways streams transport sediment

bead load, suspended load, dissolved load

bead load

particles rolling underwater on ground

suspended load

particles floating throughout water

dissolved load

atoms that are dissolved in the water (salt)

how does salt water occur

chemical weathering of rock and the dissolved ions make it to the ocean and the fresh water evaporating

what drainage pattern is this

rectangular

what does a rectangular drainage pattern tell you

fractured bedrock

what drainage pattern is this

trellis

what drainage pattern is this

dendritic

reasons for dendritic drainage

1. horizontal layered rocks

2. rocks that have no layering (granite)

what drainage pattern is this

radial

drainage pattern?

parallel

why does parallel drainage occur

sloped surface

what rock is the majority of the slopes in utah parks

red shale

types of differential weathering

hoodoos, tafoni, arches

hoodoos

balanced rocks

tafoni

honeycomb holes

how do tafoni form

fractures in sandstone, minerals deposit in the fracture, new minerals more resistant to weathering

formation of arches

resistant rock, form joints, weathering form fins, underlying rocks form arch

continential glaciation

ice on land that spreads out

In alpine glaciers ice flows

forward and scratch the earth underneath it

types of glacial sediments

till, erratic, loess

till sediment

course boulders, cobbles, sand and silt

erratic sediment

large boulders dropped by glaciers

loess sediment

finely ground sand

two types of sedimentary deposits

moraine, striations

moraine

limits of ice advancements

striations

scratches on rocks made by ice dragging stones

how to tell how big glaciers are

sea level changes

how does sea level changes tell size of iceages

water level lowers as water is locked on land as ice

term for earths crust bouncing back after heavy sheets melt away

isostatic rebound

how do we know the conditions of the ice ages

shell composition of marine organisms, ice cores

how does the composition of microscopic marine organisms tell conditions of ice age

O16/O18 isotopic ratio

which oxygen isotope is rich in summer ice

O18

why do ice ages happen

earths orbit, axis and precession of equinoxes

High eccentricity

difference in heating throughout the year (ellipsical)

Low eccentricity

even heating throughout the year (circular)

greater tilt in earth’s axis

greater difference in summer and winter, more shadowing effect

precession of equinoxes

the position of the earth relative to the sun

summer when the earth is close to the sun

warmer summers, cooler winters

boundary between the rock filled with air and rock filled with water

watertable

porosity

amount of holes in the rock

zone of saturation

groundwater filled porosity

CaCO3 + 2H+ = H2O+CO2 + Ca2+

dissolution

speleothems

cave structures

stactities

ceiling ones

stalagmites

on the ground

speleothems examples

stalactites, stalagmites, columns, flowstone

mesa verde cave formation

sandstone is permeable, shale is not