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Audit study
Research experiment in which researchers match participants on key characteristics
Method
A systematic study design.
Confirmation bias
Tendency we all have to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe
Echo chamber
A space where we interact primarily with people or information that hold or reinforce our existing beliefs
Human subject
Person who participates in a research study
Nuremberg Code
First international guidelines establishing research ethics
Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment
Long-term experiment on Black men in Alabama that demonstrates unethical research design.
Informed consent
Voluntary agreement to participate in research based on a full understanding of the potential risks and benefits.
Vulnerable populations
Groups that may need additional protections or considerations in order to give informed consent.
Quantitative data
Data in the form of numbers that reflect amounts
Qualitative data
Non-numerical data
Experiment
Research method in which the environment is controlled to isolate the effects of one factor or characteristic
Survey
Gathering data by asking people sets of questions
Structured interviews
interviews that follow a set of pre-written questions that are the same for all participants.
Unstructured interviews
Interviews that include follow-up or additional questions that arise based on a specific participant’s responses.
Participant observation
Research method in which researcher spends time among a group, observing and participating in their daily lives
Historical analysis
Analysis of existing historical records
Content analysis
Analysis of existing sources, focusing on key themes and patterns
Research question
A question about a research topic that we can reasonably answer
Unit of analysis
Item observed in a study (ex
Variable
any characteristic that has more than one possible value
Co-variation
Relationship between variables
Independent variable
Variable that causes a change in another
Dependent variable
Variable that changes in response to another
Hypothesis
Statement about how variables are expected to relate to each other
Population
The entire group of interest in a study
Operationalization
Defining variables into measurable items
Sampling
selecting representatives of the population to study
Ethnography
In depth study of a group and its culture
Sampling frae
method for choosing which members of a population will be in a sample
Random sample
a representative sample in which every member of the population has some chance of being selected
Generalize
apply findings beyond the sample to the larger population
Non-random sample
a sample in which not every member of the population has a chance of being selected
Nonresponse bias
non-representatives in a sample caused by patterns in who does and doesn’t respond
Correlation
A relationship between variables
Causation
one variable causes a change in another variable
Direction of relationship
which variable is affecting the other when a relationship exists
Casual relationship” relationship that includes causation between variables
Spurious relationship
when a third variable actually explains the apparent connection between two variables
Validity
whether questions accurately measure the intended characteristic
Social desirability bias
problems introduced to data when respondents give answers they believe are socially acceptable
Reliability
consistency of measurements
Transgender
people whose gender identity and expression are different from what they were assigned at birth
Non binary
people whose gender identity and expression are not exclusively masculine or feminine
Cisgender
someone whose gender is in line with the sex they were assigned at birth
Sex
biological and physiological characteristics of males and females
Gender
socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as nors, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men
Nature
biological influences on gender
Nurture
social influences on gender
Socialization
ongoing social process whereby we learn social norms
Gender norms
social definitions of behavior that society assigns to particular sex categories
Social construction of gender
process whereby meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms
Doing gender
our activity that produces gender, in interaction with others and with consideration of what is thought to be appropriate for our gender category
Gender binary
system that allows only two gender categories
androgynous
incorporating both feminine and masculine characteristics
Bathroom bills
bills that ban trans people from using school or public bathrooms that match their gender identity
Gender-affirming care
therapies or treatments that support the gender identity of people who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth
Misgendering
referring to someone by a gender with which they bo longer identify
Deadnaming
referring to a person by a name associated with which they no longer identify
Intersectionality
social theory that examines how social relations are inextricably linked
Ethnocultural
cultural influences of the ethnic groups to which we belong that affect our behavior
Gender inequality
unequal treatment and perceptions of individuals or groups based on gender
Feminism
movements that advocate for equality for all sexes and genders
Eugenics
a movement that encouraged the improvement of humanity by encourage so called better groups to have more children while decreasing births to the unfit
Buck v bell 1927
supreme court case that ruled state had the right to sterilize people who were believed to be unfit to have families
Glass ceiling
metaphor for barriers women face in the workplace that prevent them from reaching higher positions
Motherhood penalty
systematic disadvantages in wages, benefits, and other career factors that are associated with motherhood
Fatherhood bonus
benefits in wages and perceived competence that fathers experience in the workplace
Acquaintance rape
rape or sexual assault that occurs between people who already know each other
Victim blaming
when survivors are viewed as responsible for their own sexual assault
Rape myths
stereotyped or false beliefs about sexual violence that may excuse the perpetrator’s behavior
Intimate partner violence (IPV)
abuse occurring between current or former spouses or romantic partners
Proxy violence
harming or threatening to harm someone, like a child or other loved one, if the victim tries to leave
Reproductive coercion
forcing parenthood on an unwilling partner through means ranging from violence to contraceptive sabotage
Financial abuse
preventing a victim from working or restricting their access to money they’ve earned
Conservatorship
A legal status granted by a court when an individual is deemed unable to make their own decisions due to an issue like mental illness or dementia
Androcentrism
centering the lives and experiences of men in our world view and practices
Hypersexual
depicted as extreme in sexual appearance or desire
Jezebel caricature
stereotypical image that portrays black women as extremely sexualize
Brute caricature
stereotypical image that portrays black men as savage sexual predators especially of white women
Puberty
process of becoming sexually mature
Social control
the way we enforce normative behaviors through social interactions, values, and worldviews, and laws
Medicalized
when society understands a problem in medical terms
Phallocentrism
worldview that centers in both sexual acts and society more broadly
Colonialism
system in which one country politically and economically controls the people and resources of another geographic area
Abstinence only sex education
sex education in which students are taught that abstinence is expected of them as the only acceptable option
Comprehensive sex education
sex education that offers information about how students can avoid unwanted pregnancies and STIs
Roe v wade
1973 supreme court ruling which held that the constitution guaranteed a right to abortion, at least in the first trimester of pregnancy
Post-viability” the third trimester of pregnancy
Medication abortion
a series of pills, usually containing the medications mifepristone and misoprostol that cause an abortion
Census
a count of the entire population
Race
system humans created to classify groups of people based mostly on skin tone
Ethnicity
common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people
One-drop rule
a custom that a person who had any african ancestry was classified as black
Social construct
a concept humans invent and given meaning to in order to understand or justify the social world
Eugenics
idea that we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans
Phenotype
the set of our visible features or characteristics
Bias
tendency to favor or disfavor certain things, regardless of the details of the specific situation
Implicit bias
associations our minds make between seemingly unrelated tings
Explicit bias
bias that we are openly and consciously aware of
