soc midterm

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177 Terms

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Audit study

Research experiment in which researchers match participants on key characteristics

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Method

A systematic study design.

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Confirmation bias

Tendency we all have to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe

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Echo chamber

A space where we interact primarily with people or information that hold or reinforce our existing beliefs

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Human subject

Person who participates in a research study

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Nuremberg Code

First international guidelines establishing research ethics

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Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

Long-term experiment on Black men in Alabama that demonstrates unethical research design.

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Informed consent

Voluntary agreement to participate in research based on a full understanding of the potential risks and benefits.

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Vulnerable populations

Groups that may need additional protections or considerations in order to give informed consent.

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Quantitative data

Data in the form of numbers that reflect amounts

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Qualitative data

Non-numerical data

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Experiment

Research method in which the environment is controlled to isolate the effects of one factor or characteristic

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Survey

Gathering data by asking people sets of questions

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Structured interviews

interviews that follow a set of pre-written questions that are the same for all participants.

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Unstructured interviews

Interviews that include follow-up or additional questions that arise based on a specific participant’s responses.

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Participant observation

Research method in which researcher spends time among a group, observing and participating in their daily lives

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Historical analysis

Analysis of existing historical records

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Content analysis

Analysis of existing sources, focusing on key themes and patterns

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Research question

A question about a research topic that we can reasonably answer

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Unit of analysis

Item observed in a study (ex

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Variable

any characteristic that has more than one possible value

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Co-variation

Relationship between variables

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Independent variable

Variable that causes a change in another

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Dependent variable

Variable that changes in response to another

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Hypothesis

Statement about how variables are expected to relate to each other

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Population

The entire group of interest in a study

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Operationalization

Defining variables into measurable items

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Sampling

selecting representatives of the population to study

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Ethnography

In depth study of a group and its culture

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Sampling frae

method for choosing which members of a population will be in a sample

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Random sample

a representative sample in which every member of the population has some chance of being selected

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Generalize

apply findings beyond the sample to the larger population

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Non-random sample

a sample in which not every member of the population has a chance of being selected

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Nonresponse bias

non-representatives in a sample caused by patterns in who does and doesn’t respond

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Correlation

A relationship between variables

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Causation

one variable causes a change in another variable

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Direction of relationship

which variable is affecting the other when a relationship exists

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Casual relationship” relationship that includes causation between variables

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Spurious relationship

when a third variable actually explains the apparent connection between two variables

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Validity

whether questions accurately measure the intended characteristic

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Social desirability bias

problems introduced to data when respondents give answers they believe are socially acceptable

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Reliability

consistency of measurements

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Transgender

people whose gender identity and expression are different from what they were assigned at birth

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Non binary

people whose gender identity and expression are not exclusively masculine or feminine

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Cisgender

someone whose gender is in line with the sex they were assigned at birth

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Sex

biological and physiological characteristics of males and females

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Gender

socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as nors, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men

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Nature

biological influences on gender

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Nurture

social influences on gender

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Socialization

ongoing social process whereby we learn social norms

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Gender norms

social definitions of behavior that society assigns to particular sex categories

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Social construction of gender

process whereby meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms

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Doing gender

our activity that produces gender, in interaction with others and with consideration of what is thought to be appropriate for our gender category

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Gender binary

system that allows only two gender categories

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androgynous

incorporating both feminine and masculine characteristics

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Bathroom bills

bills that ban trans people from using school or public bathrooms that match their gender identity

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Gender-affirming care

therapies or treatments that support the gender identity of people who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth

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Misgendering

referring to someone by a gender with which they bo longer identify

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Deadnaming

referring to a person by a name associated with which they no longer identify

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Intersectionality

social theory that examines how social relations are inextricably linked

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Ethnocultural

cultural influences of the ethnic groups to which we belong that affect our behavior

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Gender inequality

unequal treatment and perceptions of individuals or groups based on gender

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Feminism

movements that advocate for equality for all sexes and genders

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Eugenics

a movement that encouraged the improvement of humanity by encourage so called better groups to have more children while decreasing births to the unfit

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Buck v bell 1927

supreme court case that ruled state had the right to sterilize people who were believed to be unfit to have families

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Glass ceiling

metaphor for barriers women face in the workplace that prevent them from reaching higher positions

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Motherhood penalty

systematic disadvantages in wages, benefits, and other career factors that are associated with motherhood

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Fatherhood bonus

benefits in wages and perceived competence that fathers experience in the workplace

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Acquaintance rape

rape or sexual assault that occurs between people who already know each other

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Victim blaming

when survivors are viewed as responsible for their own sexual assault

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Rape myths

stereotyped or false beliefs about sexual violence that may excuse the perpetrator’s behavior

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Intimate partner violence (IPV)

abuse occurring between current or former spouses or romantic partners

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Proxy violence

harming or threatening to harm someone, like a child or other loved one, if the victim tries to leave

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Reproductive coercion

forcing parenthood on an unwilling partner through means ranging from violence to contraceptive sabotage

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Financial abuse

preventing a victim from working or restricting their access to money they’ve earned

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Conservatorship

A legal status granted by a court when an individual is deemed unable to make their own decisions due to an issue like mental illness or dementia

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Androcentrism

centering the lives and experiences of men in our world view and practices

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Hypersexual

depicted as extreme in sexual appearance or desire

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Jezebel caricature

stereotypical image that portrays black women as extremely sexualize

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Brute caricature

stereotypical image that portrays black men as savage sexual predators especially of white women

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Puberty

process of becoming sexually mature

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Social control

the way we enforce normative behaviors through social interactions, values, and worldviews, and laws

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Medicalized

when society understands a problem in medical terms

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Phallocentrism

worldview that centers in both sexual acts and society more broadly

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Colonialism

system in which one country politically and economically controls the people and resources of another geographic area

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Abstinence only sex education

sex education in which students are taught that abstinence is expected of them as the only acceptable option

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Comprehensive sex education

sex education that offers information about how students can avoid unwanted pregnancies and STIs

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Roe v wade

1973 supreme court ruling which held that the constitution guaranteed a right to abortion, at least in the first trimester of pregnancy

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Post-viability” the third trimester of pregnancy

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Medication abortion

a series of pills, usually containing the medications mifepristone and misoprostol that cause an abortion

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Census

a count of the entire population

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Race

system humans created to classify groups of people based mostly on skin tone

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Ethnicity

common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people

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One-drop rule

a custom that a person who had any african ancestry was classified as black

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Social construct

a concept humans invent and given meaning to in order to understand or justify the social world

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Eugenics

idea that we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans

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Phenotype

the set of our visible features or characteristics

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Bias

tendency to favor or disfavor certain things, regardless of the details of the specific situation

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Implicit bias

associations our minds make between seemingly unrelated tings

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Explicit bias

bias that we are openly and consciously aware of