soc midterm

Audit study

Research experiment in which researchers match participants on key characteristics

Method

A systematic study design.

Confirmation bias

Tendency we all have to look for and accept information that reinforces what we already believe

Echo chamber

A space where we interact primarily with people or information that hold or reinforce our existing beliefs

Human subject

Person who participates in a research study

Nuremberg Code

First international guidelines establishing research ethics

Tuskegee Syphilis Experiment

Long-term experiment on Black men in Alabama that demonstrates unethical research design.

Informed consent

Voluntary agreement to participate in research based on a full understanding of the potential risks and benefits.

Vulnerable populations

Groups that may need additional protections or considerations in order to give informed consent.

Quantitative data

Data in the form of numbers that reflect amounts

Qualitative data

Non-numerical data

Experiment

Research method in which the environment is controlled to isolate the effects of one factor or characteristic

Survey

Gathering data by asking people sets of questions

Structured interviews

interviews that follow a set of pre-written questions that are the same for all participants.

Unstructured interviews

Interviews that include follow-up or additional questions that arise based on a specific participant’s responses.

Participant observation

Research method in which researcher spends time among a group, observing and participating in their daily lives

Historical analysis

Analysis of existing historical records

Content analysis

Analysis of existing sources, focusing on key themes and patterns

Research question

A question about a research topic that we can reasonably answer

Unit of analysis

Item observed in a study (ex

Variable

any characteristic that has more than one possible value

Co-variation

Relationship between variables

Independent variable

Variable that causes a change in another

Dependent variable

Variable that changes in response to another

Hypothesis

Statement about how variables are expected to relate to each other

Population

The entire group of interest in a study

Operationalization

Defining variables into measurable items

Sampling

selecting representatives of the population to study

Ethnography

In depth study of a group and its culture

Sampling frae

method for choosing which members of a population will be in a sample

Random sample

a representative sample in which every member of the population has some chance of being selected

Generalize

apply findings beyond the sample to the larger population

Non-random sample

a sample in which not every member of the population has a chance of being selected

Nonresponse bias

non-representatives in a sample caused by patterns in who does and doesn’t respond

Correlation

A relationship between variables

Causation

one variable causes a change in another variable

Direction of relationship

which variable is affecting the other when a relationship exists

Casual relationship” relationship that includes causation between variables

Spurious relationship

when a third variable actually explains the apparent connection between two variables

Validity

whether questions accurately measure the intended characteristic

Social desirability bias

problems introduced to data when respondents give answers they believe are socially acceptable

Reliability

consistency of measurements

Transgender

people whose gender identity and expression are different from what they were assigned at birth

Non binary

people whose gender identity and expression are not exclusively masculine or feminine

Cisgender

someone whose gender is in line with the sex they were assigned at birth

Sex

biological and physiological characteristics of males and females

Gender

socially constructed characteristics of women and men, such as nors, roles, and relationships of and between groups of women and men

Nature

biological influences on gender

Nurture

social influences on gender

Socialization

ongoing social process whereby we learn social norms

Gender norms

social definitions of behavior that society assigns to particular sex categories

Social construction of gender

process whereby meanings of gender are created through social interaction and social norms

Doing gender

our activity that produces gender, in interaction with others and with consideration of what is thought to be appropriate for our gender category

Gender binary

system that allows only two gender categories

androgynous

incorporating both feminine and masculine characteristics

Bathroom bills

bills that ban trans people from using school or public bathrooms that match their gender identity

Gender-affirming care

therapies or treatments that support the gender identity of people who do not identify with the gender they were assigned at birth

Misgendering

referring to someone by a gender with which they bo longer identify

Deadnaming

referring to a person by a name associated with which they no longer identify

Intersectionality

social theory that examines how social relations are inextricably linked

Ethnocultural

cultural influences of the ethnic groups to which we belong that affect our behavior

Gender inequality

unequal treatment and perceptions of individuals or groups based on gender

Feminism

movements that advocate for equality for all sexes and genders

Eugenics

a movement that encouraged the improvement of humanity by encourage so called better groups to have more children while decreasing births to the unfit

Buck v bell 1927

supreme court case that ruled state had the right to sterilize people who were believed to be unfit to have families

Glass ceiling

metaphor for barriers women face in the workplace that prevent them from reaching higher positions

Motherhood penalty

systematic disadvantages in wages, benefits, and other career factors that are associated with motherhood

Fatherhood bonus

benefits in wages and perceived competence that fathers experience in the workplace

Acquaintance rape

rape or sexual assault that occurs between people who already know each other

Victim blaming

when survivors are viewed as responsible for their own sexual assault

Rape myths

stereotyped or false beliefs about sexual violence that may excuse the perpetrator’s behavior

Intimate partner violence (IPV)

abuse occurring between current or former spouses or romantic partners

Proxy violence

harming or threatening to harm someone, like a child or other loved one, if the victim tries to leave

Reproductive coercion

forcing parenthood on an unwilling partner through means ranging from violence to contraceptive sabotage

Financial abuse

preventing a victim from working or restricting their access to money they’ve earned

Conservatorship

A legal status granted by a court when an individual is deemed unable to make their own decisions due to an issue like mental illness or dementia

Androcentrism

centering the lives and experiences of men in our world view and practices

Hypersexual

depicted as extreme in sexual appearance or desire

Jezebel caricature

stereotypical image that portrays black women as extremely sexualize

Brute caricature

stereotypical image that portrays black men as savage sexual predators especially of white women

Puberty

process of becoming sexually mature

Social control

the way we enforce normative behaviors through social interactions, values, and worldviews, and laws

Medicalized

when society understands a problem in medical terms

Phallocentrism

worldview that centers in both sexual acts and society more broadly

Colonialism

system in which one country politically and economically controls the people and resources of another geographic area

Abstinence only sex education

sex education in which students are taught that abstinence is expected of them as the only acceptable option

Comprehensive sex education

sex education that offers information about how students can avoid unwanted pregnancies and STIs

Roe v wade

1973 supreme court ruling which held that the constitution guaranteed a right to abortion, at least in the first trimester of pregnancy

Post-viability” the third trimester of pregnancy

Medication abortion

a series of pills, usually containing the medications mifepristone and misoprostol that cause an abortion

Census

a count of the entire population

Race

system humans created to classify groups of people based mostly on skin tone

Ethnicity

common culture, religion, history, or ancestry shared by a group of people

One-drop rule

a custom that a person who had any african ancestry was classified as black

Social construct

a concept humans invent and given meaning to in order to understand or justify the social world

Eugenics

idea that we can actively improve the genetic profile of humans

Phenotype

the set of our visible features or characteristics

Bias

tendency to favor or disfavor certain things, regardless of the details of the specific situation

Implicit bias

associations our minds make between seemingly unrelated tings

Explicit bias

bias that we are openly and consciously aware of