Barrons Euro Study Unit 7

Unification

what italy and germany went through during this period

Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks’ War)

Caused by disagreements between Austria and Prussia on earnings from the War with Denmark

* Prussian victory, but was lenient with Austria to keep support

Franco-Prussian War

Caused by Napoleon III’s sensitiveness

* Prussia won and took land from France (Treaty of Frankfurt)
* France hates Germany now

Dreyfus Affair

Incident in France when a Jewish captain was wrongfully convicted of treason and given a life sentence → antisemitism

Realpolitik

Bismarck’s primary system of government and military

→ do what has to be done to achieve a goal (practicality over morals)

* a branch of machiavelli’s ideas

breach loading rifle/needle gun

main weapons of the prussians → way better than whatever the french were using in every aspect possible

Congress of Berlin

peace settlement between ottoman empire and russia after the russo-turkish war

* made a bunch of countries independent

Liberalism

the political ideology that resembled enlightenment thought the most

* lassez-faire economy
* middle-class
* representative government

Pan-Slavism

the idea that the slavic countries should be united because of ethnic reasons

Socialism

the political ideology that the state should be in charge of everything rather than individuals

* economic equality for all

Romanticism

an art and social movement that was a reaction against the strict enlightenment

* emotion, nature, and stray away from realism

Meiji Restoration

japan became relevant after a dynasty was restored

Realism

Materialist art that sought to depict ordinary people

* like peasants
* Charles dickens

Impressionism

after photography was invented, people strayed away from realism

* capturing a brief moment
* claude monet

Germ theory

Koch figured out that little thingies called germs can cause diseases

* finally

Antiseptics

Lister found a way to kill germs using chemicals

Anesthesia

Morton found out how to stop patients from feeling everything during procedures

Otto von Bismarck

Prussian military genius and eventual ruler

* realpolitik
* a conservative and nationalist
* united germany

Kaiser Wilhelm I

The kaiser of prussia when bismarck was in military control

Guiseppe Mazzini

The spearhead for the unification of italy

* failed to do so, but eventually, italy did unify
* was a romantic

Louis Napoleon/Napoleon III

President of France (elected) → then became more and more like a dictator

* modernized france (reconstruction)
* universal (male) suffrage
* terrible foreign policy)

Guiseppe Garibaldi

the true hero of the italian unification

* he brought the southern states of italy together and willingly surrendered to cavour and emmanuel II

Camillo di Cavour

Prime minister of italy

* force was necessary to unify italy
* thought of complicated tactics, but they failed due to french betrayal

→ still, italy was brought together somehow

Victor Emmanuel II

King of piedmont sardinia during italian unification

Theodore Herzl

Jewish writer and thinker who started the basics of zionism (Jewish nationalism)

Sergei Witte

helped russian economy

* limited working hours
* reformed commercial and industrial taxes

Peter Stolypin

wanted to reform russian agriculture

* reformed society and economy of russia

Pablo Picasso

Father of cubism (post-impressionism)

Max Planck

Founded particle physics with quantum theory

Marie Curie

experimented with radioactivity and further supported quantum theory

Friedrich Nietzsche

The death of God

* ubermensch

Louis Pasteur

accidentally created the first vaccine → microbiology

Georges Sorel

tried to bring together all the holes in marxism

* sorelianism

Henri Bergson

immediate experiences and intuition were more important than abstract rationalism