Studied by 1 person
Unification
what italy and germany went through during this period
Austro-Prussian War (Seven Weeks’ War)
Caused by disagreements between Austria and Prussia on earnings from the War with Denmark
Prussian victory, but was lenient with Austria to keep support
Franco-Prussian War
Caused by Napoleon III’s sensitiveness
Prussia won and took land from France (Treaty of Frankfurt)
France hates Germany now
Dreyfus Affair
Incident in France when a Jewish captain was wrongfully convicted of treason and given a life sentence → antisemitism
Realpolitik
Bismarck’s primary system of government and military
→ do what has to be done to achieve a goal (practicality over morals)
a branch of machiavelli’s ideas
breach loading rifle/needle gun
main weapons of the prussians → way better than whatever the french were using in every aspect possible
Congress of Berlin
peace settlement between ottoman empire and russia after the russo-turkish war
made a bunch of countries independent
Liberalism
the political ideology that resembled enlightenment thought the most
lassez-faire economy
middle-class
representative government
Pan-Slavism
the idea that the slavic countries should be united because of ethnic reasons
Socialism
the political ideology that the state should be in charge of everything rather than individuals
economic equality for all
Romanticism
an art and social movement that was a reaction against the strict enlightenment
emotion, nature, and stray away from realism
Meiji Restoration
japan became relevant after a dynasty was restored
Realism
Materialist art that sought to depict ordinary people
like peasants
Charles dickens
Impressionism
after photography was invented, people strayed away from realism
capturing a brief moment
claude monet
Germ theory
Koch figured out that little thingies called germs can cause diseases
finally
Antiseptics
Lister found a way to kill germs using chemicals
Anesthesia
Morton found out how to stop patients from feeling everything during procedures
Otto von Bismarck
Prussian military genius and eventual ruler
realpolitik
a conservative and nationalist
united germany
Kaiser Wilhelm I
The kaiser of prussia when bismarck was in military control
Guiseppe Mazzini
The spearhead for the unification of italy
failed to do so, but eventually, italy did unify
was a romantic
Louis Napoleon/Napoleon III
President of France (elected) → then became more and more like a dictator
modernized france (reconstruction)
universal (male) suffrage
terrible foreign policy)
Guiseppe Garibaldi
the true hero of the italian unification
he brought the southern states of italy together and willingly surrendered to cavour and emmanuel II
Camillo di Cavour
Prime minister of italy
force was necessary to unify italy
thought of complicated tactics, but they failed due to french betrayal
→ still, italy was brought together somehow
Victor Emmanuel II
King of piedmont sardinia during italian unification
Theodore Herzl
Jewish writer and thinker who started the basics of zionism (Jewish nationalism)
Sergei Witte
helped russian economy
limited working hours
reformed commercial and industrial taxes
Peter Stolypin
wanted to reform russian agriculture
reformed society and economy of russia
Pablo Picasso
Father of cubism (post-impressionism)
Max Planck
Founded particle physics with quantum theory
Marie Curie
experimented with radioactivity and further supported quantum theory
Friedrich Nietzsche
The death of God
ubermensch
Louis Pasteur
accidentally created the first vaccine → microbiology
Georges Sorel
tried to bring together all the holes in marxism
sorelianism
Henri Bergson
immediate experiences and intuition were more important than abstract rationalism
Note 
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