Unit 2A: Biology
axon (location and function): Transfers messages from the soma. myelin sheath (location and function) neuron glial cells: Support and nourish neurons dendrite (location and function): soma/cell body (location) nucleus (location) axon terminal buttons (location and function) action potential threshold: minimum amount of stimulation needed for the soma to create a neural impulse synapse Refractory Period: rest period after an impulse Reuptake neurotransmitter Excitatory: Promotes the generation of an action potential Inhibitory: Prevents generation of an action potential on the receiving neuron agonist: Chemicals that mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter (Ex: Heroin mimics endorphins) antagonist: Blocks the transmission of reception of a neural transmitter (black widow bites) acetylcholine (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for muscle movement and memory (deficit leads to paralysis and alzheimers) endorphins (see pg. 82 and notes): Inhibitory signal that blocks pain, deficit relates to withdraw symptoms serotonin (see pg. 82 and notes): Inhibitory signal for sleep, mood, and appetite (deficit leads to depression) norepinephrine (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for increasing heart rate, breathing, blood pressure. Related to flight or flight dopamine (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for addiction, involuntary muslce stability, attention. Excess leads to ADHD, schiz, tourettes. Deficit leads to parkinson’s glutamate (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for thinking and learning and the internal clock. Excess leads to migraines and seizures. GABA (see pg. 82 and notes): Opposite of norep, Inhibitory signal for calming and relaxation, deficit leads to anxiety disorders Substance P (in notes): Opposite of endorphins, causes pain Substance Use Disorder Psychoactive Drug: Drugs that change consciousness | Tolerance Withdrawal Depressants: Slow down neural activity through GABA and/or endorphins Stimulants: Speeds up neural activity through dopamine or norepinephrine Hallucinogens: Distorts perception through serotonin Opiates (example of depressant…know characteristics): Painkilling drugs derived from opium or are synthetically produced. Nicotine: Mild stimulant from tabacco Cocaine: Strong stimulant in powdered and crack cocaine LSD: Very strong hallucinogen Cannabis/Marijuana/THC: Mild halllucinogens Central Nervous system peripheral nervous system somatic nervous system: Control voluntary movements autonomic nervous system: Controls internal organs sympathetic nervous System: Under autonomic, fight or flight. Parasympathetic nervous system: Under autonomic, Rest and digest sensory (afferent) neurons interneurons: In spinal cord, think of touching a hot pan motor (efferent) neurons lesion: Damaged tissue of the brain used to study portions of the brain reflex arc (in notes): Think of hot pan endocrine System: The “slow chemical communication system”, responsible for puberty and growth hormones: Not neurotransmitters, responsible for growth and puberty, released in the endocrine system. |
axon (location and function): Transfers messages from the soma. myelin sheath (location and function) neuron glial cells: Support and nourish neurons dendrite (location and function): soma/cell body (location) nucleus (location) axon terminal buttons (location and function) action potential threshold: minimum amount of stimulation needed for the soma to create a neural impulse synapse Refractory Period: rest period after an impulse Reuptake neurotransmitter Excitatory: Promotes the generation of an action potential Inhibitory: Prevents generation of an action potential on the receiving neuron agonist: Chemicals that mimic the effects of a neurotransmitter (Ex: Heroin mimics endorphins) antagonist: Blocks the transmission of reception of a neural transmitter (black widow bites) acetylcholine (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for muscle movement and memory (deficit leads to paralysis and alzheimers) endorphins (see pg. 82 and notes): Inhibitory signal that blocks pain, deficit relates to withdraw symptoms serotonin (see pg. 82 and notes): Inhibitory signal for sleep, mood, and appetite (deficit leads to depression) norepinephrine (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for increasing heart rate, breathing, blood pressure. Related to flight or flight dopamine (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for addiction, involuntary muslce stability, attention. Excess leads to ADHD, schiz, tourettes. Deficit leads to parkinson’s glutamate (see pg. 82 and notes): Excitatory signal for thinking and learning and the internal clock. Excess leads to migraines and seizures. GABA (see pg. 82 and notes): Opposite of norep, Inhibitory signal for calming and relaxation, deficit leads to anxiety disorders Substance P (in notes): Opposite of endorphins, causes pain Substance Use Disorder Psychoactive Drug: Drugs that change consciousness | Tolerance Withdrawal Depressants: Slow down neural activity through GABA and/or endorphins Stimulants: Speeds up neural activity through dopamine or norepinephrine Hallucinogens: Distorts perception through serotonin Opiates (example of depressant…know characteristics): Painkilling drugs derived from opium or are synthetically produced. Nicotine: Mild stimulant from tabacco Cocaine: Strong stimulant in powdered and crack cocaine LSD: Very strong hallucinogen Cannabis/Marijuana/THC: Mild halllucinogens Central Nervous system peripheral nervous system somatic nervous system: Control voluntary movements autonomic nervous system: Controls internal organs sympathetic nervous System: Under autonomic, fight or flight. Parasympathetic nervous system: Under autonomic, Rest and digest sensory (afferent) neurons interneurons: In spinal cord, think of touching a hot pan motor (efferent) neurons lesion: Damaged tissue of the brain used to study portions of the brain reflex arc (in notes): Think of hot pan endocrine System: The “slow chemical communication system”, responsible for puberty and growth hormones: Not neurotransmitters, responsible for growth and puberty, released in the endocrine system. |
