Social Class, Status, and Privilege in Society

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110 Terms

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Socioeconomic Status (SES)

Measures an individual's or family's social and economic position relative to others.

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Wealth

A stock of assets owned at a particular time (minus liabilities), and signifies command over financial resources.

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Income

The money received, especially on a regular basis, for work or through investments.

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Poverty

A multidimensional concept that presents a series of challenges in conceptualizing and measuring.

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Relative Poverty

A condition where household income is a certain percentage below median incomes.

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Absolute Poverty

A condition where household income is insufficient to maintain a minimum standard of living.

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Low Income Cut-Off (LICO)

An income threshold required to cover basic necessities such as food, shelter, and clothing.

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Economic Inequality

A condition and a process in which preferential access to the good things in life is not randomly distributed, but patterned around socially significant human differences.

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Wealth Inequality

The unequal distribution of assets among residents of the economy.

<p>The unequal distribution of assets among residents of the economy.</p>
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Educational Attainment

The highest level of education an individual has completed.

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Occupational Prestige

The social value associated with a particular job or occupation.

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Ideology

A system of conscious and unconscious ideas, beliefs, attitudes, and images that shape a person's or a group's objectives, expectations, and actions.

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Patterns of Inequality

The recurring themes and structures that contribute to unequal distribution of resources and opportunities in society.

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Cycles of Inequality

The ongoing and reinforcing nature of inequality that perpetuates disadvantage across generations.

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Leverage Points for Change

Strategic areas where interventions can be made to alter the dynamics of inequality.

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Functionalist Lens

A perspective in sociology that views society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability.

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Conflict Lens

A perspective in sociology that focuses on the struggles between different social classes and groups.

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Economic Measures of Poverty

Quantitative assessments used to evaluate the financial status of individuals or families, such as $1 or $2 per day headcount.

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Access to Basic Needs

The availability of essential resources such as food, water, shelter, and healthcare necessary for survival.

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London Township and Sombra Treaties

Historical agreements related to land and resources involving Indigenous peoples.

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Dish with One Spoon Covenant Wampum

A treaty that signifies shared stewardship of the land and resources among Indigenous nations.

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5% of the Course Grade

The percentage of the total course grade attributed to the Scholarly Skills Upgrade assignment.

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Meritocracy

The idea that roles and power are distributed according to 'merits' such as talent, effort, intelligence, creativity, experience, and knowledge.

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Inequalities in Meritocracy

Inequalities are 'fair' to the extent that individual traits determine outcome, not random chance or privilege.

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Ideology of Meritocracy

Encourages the idea that the rich must deserve the wealth and status they have, and so do the poor.

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Self-made Rich

The belief that the rich are 'self-made' individuals who have earned their wealth through their own efforts.

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Bootstraps Mentality

The notion that the poor should 'grind' and 'pull themselves up by their bootstraps' to improve their situation.

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Social Inequalities

The result of differences in intelligence, work ethic, morality, practicality, or innate talent.

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Functionalist Perspective

Focuses on how social forces affect harmony, cohesion, and solidarity within society.

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Conflict Perspective

Analyzes society through the lens of conflict and power struggles between different groups.

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Analogy of a Cell

People fulfill roles within the system, contributing to the whole, similar to how cells function in a biological system.

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Social Institutions

Serve various functions in the regulation of society and promote its healthy functioning.

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Emile Durkheim's view of society

Society is the system that bonds us together, regulating our collective activity.

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Collective Consciousness

Shared ways of viewing the world among members of a society, influencing perceptions of fairness and truth.

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Pathology in Social Systems

Circumstances where the social system experiences dysfunction or problems.

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Beneficial Inequality

Gives appropriate rewards for different contributions to society, such as in a meritocracy.

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Detrimental Inequality

Arises when people are systematically prevented from contributing to society, leading to social problems.

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Warren Buffett on Gender Equality

Expresses optimism about America's potential by utilizing the talents of all individuals, regardless of gender.

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Class Wars

Conflict that can arise when people feel that resources and opportunities are unfairly distributed.

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Disillusionment with Institutions

Occurs when individuals lose faith in societal institutions due to perceived unfairness.

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Altruistic suicide

Excessive bonds lead to self-sacrifice.

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Fatalistic suicide

Excessive regulation leaves no other way out.

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Egoistic suicide

Weak bonds lead to isolation, nobody to live for.

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Anomic suicide

Weak regulation leads to demoralization, nothing to live for.

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Functionalist Perspective

The success or failure of a social system rests in how well its subsystems function in maintaining it.

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Collective consciousness

Ideas and values like fairness are expressions that hold society together.

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Social bonds

Ensure that people feel their lives are worth living.

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Conflict perspective

Examines the social processes that maintain hierarchy, domination, and oppression.

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Social inequalities

Reflect deeper systems that confer power to one group over another.

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Karl Marx

Regarded the values of individuality, freedom, and progress as an unfinished project for humanity.

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Class structure of modern capitalism

Focuses on the relation people have to the economic production of society.

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Means of economic production

Control over this is embedded within the class structure of society.

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Surplus value

Profit obtained through business enterprises, exceeding necessary expenditures.

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Labour exploitation

Profit is maximized by paying workers less than the value of the work they contribute.

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Bourgeoisie

The ownership class that lives off the surplus value.

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Proletariat

The working class that contributes labor power.

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Petit bourgeoisie

The small business class.

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Lumpenproletariat

The unorganized lower ranks, often in low-paying jobs.

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Economic inequality

A disparity in wealth and resources among different groups in society.

<p>A disparity in wealth and resources among different groups in society.</p>
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Ideology

A system of ideas and ideals that form the basis of economic or political theory.

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Social change

The transformation of culture and social institutions over time.

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Capitalist's commodity

Money used to generate profit.

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Worker's commodity

Labour power that is exchanged for wages.

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Simplify and deskill tasks

A strategy to make work easier and less specialized.

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Intensify efficiency of the production process

Improving productivity, often exemplified by assembly lines.

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Increase the workload, decrease staffing

A tactic to maximize output while minimizing labor costs.

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Pit workers against one another to drive down wages

Creating competition among employees to reduce their pay.

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Wage labour alienates us from the product we work on

Workers become disconnected from the items they produce.

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Wage labour alienates us from the production process

Workers lose a sense of involvement in how products are made.

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Wage labour alienates us from other people

Work conditions create barriers between individuals.

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Wage labour alienates us from our own humanity

The labor system diminishes our sense of self and personal fulfillment.

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Alienation degrades our human capacities for social & economic cooperation

Disconnection from work reduces our ability to collaborate effectively.

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Class struggle ensues from the directly opposing interests of workers and owners

Conflict arises due to differing priorities between labor and management.

<p>Conflict arises due to differing priorities between labor and management.</p>
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Solidarity

When a class collectively pursues its interests.

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False consciousness

A mindset that accepts ideologies supporting the ruling class while undermining working-class unity.

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Conflict theorists

Scholars who study the structures and beliefs that perpetuate social inequality.

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Max Weber's critique of Marx

Weber analyzed how social beliefs influence economic changes.

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Social class

A division based on economic status.

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Party membership

Involvement in strategic social organizations.

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Social status

A person's honor and prestige in society.

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Functionalist lens

A perspective that views society as a complex system with interdependent parts.

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Conflict lens

A viewpoint that emphasizes social struggles and power dynamics.

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Collective consciousness

The set of shared beliefs and values within a society.

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False consciousness

A misperception of one's social reality that supports the status quo.

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Role of sociologist

To study social systems and contribute to social change.

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Conflict lens

A perspective that does not assume people are antagonistic but considers how systems may pit individuals against one another.

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Systemic Responses to Inequality

Approaches that address the root causes of inequality rather than focusing solely on individual beneficiaries of oppression.

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Cycles of Inequality

Patterns where failures to address root causes lead to ongoing poverty and compounding problems.

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Leverage Points for Change

Opportunities within systems that can be utilized to create effective policy changes to address inequality.

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Cycle of Poverty

A situation where lack of resources leads to ongoing poverty, which is inefficient and expensive.

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Life Expectancy Gap

A 21 year difference in life expectancy between Hamilton's poorest and richest neighbourhoods.

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Canadian Pension Plan (CPP)

A program that reduced poverty among seniors from 33% in 1976 to 4% in 1994.

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Unequal Opportunities

Variations in skills and knowledge that can disadvantage some individuals, perpetuating earlier inequalities.

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Scholarly Skills Upgrade

An initiative to enhance vocabulary and writing skills, aimed at improving academic performance.

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Systems of Injustice

Frameworks that highlight the underlying injustices and harms within societal structures.

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Sociological Imagination

The ability to perceive the root causes for social stasis or change.

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Functional lens

A perspective that views social order as harmony and institutions as serving societal needs.

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Class Domination

A concept within the conflict lens that suggests societal structures facilitate oppression.

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Relative Poverty

A condition where individuals lack the minimum income needed to maintain the average standard of living in their society.

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Absolute Poverty

A condition where individuals do not have enough resources to meet basic needs for survival.