BIO CHAPTER 1-4

CHAPTERS 1-4

Shared properties of life

Reproduction

Growth and development

Purposeful energy use

Order: life has order

Cells: the fundamental unit of life

Response to the environment

Biosphere

largest level, anywhere on earth where life exists

Ecosystem

all living and non-living interacting in a given area

Community

interacting populations

Population

same species in the same place at the same time

Species

interbreeding individuals

Living individual

organism

Organ system

different organs with a specific function

Organ

a group of different tissues with a specific function

Tissue

a group of same cells with a specific function

Cell

fundamental unit of life

Biological molecules

building block of cells,
carbohydrates (sugars)
lipids (fats)
amino acids (protein)
nucleic acids (DNA,RNA,ATP)

Molecule

2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds

Atom

fundamental unit of matter

Matter

anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)

Process and terms associated with scientific method

Observation, ask a question, generate a hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion

Evolution

change in DNA over itme

Metabolism

sum total of all chemical reactions in a living organism

DNA

cookbook of life, full of recipes called “genes”

3 physical forms of matter

solid, liquid, gas

Element

unique atom based on sub-atomic particles (ex: carbon and oxygen)

Chemical reactions

can rearrange matter but cannot create or destroy matter

Reactants

what does in a reaction (left)

Products

what comes out of a reaction (right)

Four main building atoms

carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen

micronutrients

7 (phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, ect.)

trace elements

14 (iron, copper, zine, ect.)

Proton

have positive charge, located in nucleus, number determine the chemical element

Neutron

no charge, located in nucleus, number determines the isotope

Electron

negative charge, orbits nucleus at high speeds, number determines the atom’s ion state and chemical reactivity

Covalent bond

SHARING electrons between atoms (strongest bond)

Ionic bond

TRANSFER electrons between atoms (chemical bond between charged ions)

Hydrogen bonds

relatively weak chemical bonds between molecules (ex: water & DNA)

Nonpolar covalent bond

equal sharing of electrons

Polar covalent bond

unequal sharing of electrons

Water

essential for life
have polar covalent bonds
3 physical states (solid, liquid, gas)
universal solvent
metabolism takes place in this
moderates temperature
bonds tend to hold heat energy
involved in pH scale, all living organisms live in a narrow pH mainly for optimal metabolism

Cohesion

water molecules tend to stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds

Adhesion

water molecules tend to “stick” to other surfaces

Solution

pure water and anything dissolved in the water

pH scale

runs from acidic (0) to basic (14), the scale is an inverse relationship.

Each number in the pH scale represents a tenfold change in H+ ion concentration.

Acids have a pH between

0 and 7

Bases have a pH between

7 and 14

Catabolism

breaking molecules

Large molecules to small molecules

Eliminates chemical bonds (releases energy)

Ex: hydrolysis

Anabolism

building molecules

Small molecules to large molecules

Create chemical bonds (requires energy)

Ex: dehydration

Carbohydrates

sugars

Energy carbohydrates that provide calories (ex: glucose)

Ose ending: sugars

Scaccaride: sugar

Glucose

Glucose

product of photosynthesis, energy source for all living beings

Plant energy source

starch (polymer of glucose)

Plant structural source

cellulose (polymer of glucose)

Animal energy source

glycogen (branded polymer of glucose)

Animal structural source

chitin (exoskeleton of insects fungal cell wall)

Lipids

fats that are essential for life

Excellent source of storage energy

Insulation from cold temperature

Cushions parts of the body

Steroids, and Cholesterol
precursor to sex hormones and vitamin D
Strengthens the cell membrane

Hormone

small organic molecule (lipid or protein) produced in one part of the body that influences the function in another part of the body

Phospholipids

make up the cell membrane

Glycerol

make up the phospholipid
phosphate head
hydrophilic (water-loving)

Fatty acid tails

make up the phospholipid

hydrophobic (water-fearing)

LDL low density lipoprotein

Transport cholesterol & other lipids to cells in the body

Tend to “stick”

Leads of blockades (heart attack)

This leads to inflammation & hardening of arteries (heart disease)

HDL high density lipoprotein

Transport cholesterol & other lipids to the liver for removal

Higher the HDL -> healthy diet exercises

good ratio of LDL and HDL

2 LDL / 1 HDL

Triglycerides

calorically dense sources of energy

Saturated fats

Triglycerides
Carbon is “saturated” with hydrogen atom

Fat with single chemical bonds

Solid at room temperate

“Unhealthy dietary fat” (tends to stick to artery walls resulting in heart disease)

Animal sources

Unsaturated fats

Triglycerides
carbon atom is not saturated with hydrogen

liquid at room temperature

plant sources

healthy dietary fat

-tend to “remove” lipids from blood for digestion

Protein

individual amino acids are joined together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds
leads to unique characteristics & traits, composed of 20 amino acids

Ribosomes

site of protein synthesis (translation)

Protein functions

Transport
Structure
Movement
Defense
Enzyme

Protein transport

hemoglobin found in red blood cells carries respiratory gases (O2&CO2)

help transport of substance in & out of the cell membrane

Protein structure

a structural protein found in hair, nail, and feathers.. Etc.

makes up cytoskeleton

Cytoskeleton

internal cellular support (think “tent poles”)
made up of protein

Protein movement

muscle cells contract (shorten) causing movements due to protein fibers.

Protein defense

antibodies, part of the immune system, neutralize pathogenic threats in the body

Protein Enzyme

protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions so metabolism is possible

Lowers the amount of energy for a chemical reaction to occur

Genetic flow of information

DNA(gene) (transcription) -> make RNA (3 types of RNA) -> (translation) make protein

Prokaryotic

Small and simple

Unicellular (bacteria & archaeans)

Lacks membrane-bound organelles

No nucleus

A singular circular chromosome called a nucleoid

Eukaryotic

Larger and complex

Unicellular or multicellular (plants, animals, fungi, protists)

Has membrane-bound organelles

Has nucleus (houses and protects DNA)

Domain

largest classification grouped based on cell type

Bacteria

prokaryotic

Archaea

prokaryotic

Eukarya

eukaryotic

Unique cellular structure in bacteria

capsule
pilus
nucleoid
plasma

Capsule

outer sticky layer allowing bacteria to stick to adhere surface

Pilus

short hair-like structure allowing bacteria to stick to surfaces (cell-to cell contact for genetic exchange)

Nucleoid

single, circular chromosome (DNA)

Plasma

small circular pieces of extra DNA that lead to unique traits

Unique in all eukaryotic cells

Endomembrane system
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough E.R, smooth E.R)
Golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
mitochondria
chloroplast

Nucleus

houses and protects DNA

Endoplasmic reticulum

manufacture and transport of cellular products (protein and lipids)

Rough E.R

has ribosomes, makes protein

Smooth E.R

no ribosomes, makes lipids

Golgi apparatus

receive sort, modify, package, and ship cellular products (fed-ex of the cell)

mitochondria

site of aerobic cellular respiration

goal: make ATP form “food” (calories)

ATP

universal stored energy used during metabolism

Chloroplast

site of photosynthesis

goal: make “food” (glucose)

only found in plants & algae

Cellular structures/features in ALL cells

Cell (plasma) membrane
cytoplasm
ribosome

Cytoplasm

“cell fluid” water & dissolved substance

Where metabolism takes place (+ cytoskeleton)

Cellular structure found in many Bacteria and eukaryotic cells

Cell wall (animal cells do not have cell wall)

Cell wall

provides rigid support & protection (bacteria, plants, fungi)

Unique to animal cells

Lysosome

Lysosome

“splitting body” membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzyme, breaks out waste and debris

Unique to plant cells

Chloroplast
cell wall
Large centralized vacuole

Large centralized vacuole

membrane-bound organelle involved in storage, used to store water in plant cells

Cell (plasma) membrane

selectively permeable, regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, composed of phospholipids

Protein channels are used for the movement of substance