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Shared properties of life
Reproduction
Growth and development
Purposeful energy use
Order: life has order
Cells: the fundamental unit of life
Response to the environment
Biosphere
largest level, anywhere on earth where life exists
Ecosystem
all living and non-living interacting in a given area
Community
interacting populations
Population
same species in the same place at the same time
Species
interbreeding individuals
Living individual
organism
Organ system
different organs with a specific function
Organ
a group of different tissues with a specific function
Tissue
a group of same cells with a specific function
Cell
fundamental unit of life
Biological molecules
building block of cells,
carbohydrates (sugars)
lipids (fats)
amino acids (protein)
nucleic acids (DNA,RNA,ATP)
Molecule
2 or more atoms held together by chemical bonds
Atom
fundamental unit of matter
Matter
anything that occupies space and has mass (weight)
Process and terms associated with scientific method
Observation, ask a question, generate a hypothesis, experiment, results, conclusion
Evolution
change in DNA over itme
Metabolism
sum total of all chemical reactions in a living organism
DNA
cookbook of life, full of recipes called “genes”
3 physical forms of matter
solid, liquid, gas
Element
unique atom based on sub-atomic particles (ex: carbon and oxygen)
Chemical reactions
can rearrange matter but cannot create or destroy matter
Reactants
what does in a reaction (left)
Products
what comes out of a reaction (right)
Four main building atoms
carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen
micronutrients
7 (phosphorus, sulfur, calcium, ect.)
trace elements
14 (iron, copper, zine, ect.)
Proton
have positive charge, located in nucleus, number determine the chemical element
Neutron
no charge, located in nucleus, number determines the isotope
Electron
negative charge, orbits nucleus at high speeds, number determines the atom’s ion state and chemical reactivity
Covalent bond
SHARING electrons between atoms (strongest bond)
Ionic bond
TRANSFER electrons between atoms (chemical bond between charged ions)
Hydrogen bonds
relatively weak chemical bonds between molecules (ex: water & DNA)
Nonpolar covalent bond
equal sharing of electrons
Polar covalent bond
unequal sharing of electrons
Water
essential for life
have polar covalent bonds
3 physical states (solid, liquid, gas)
universal solvent
metabolism takes place in this
moderates temperature
bonds tend to hold heat energy
involved in pH scale, all living organisms live in a narrow pH mainly for optimal metabolism
Cohesion
water molecules tend to stick to each other due to hydrogen bonds
Adhesion
water molecules tend to “stick” to other surfaces
Solution
pure water and anything dissolved in the water
pH scale
runs from acidic (0) to basic (14), the scale is an inverse relationship.
Each number in the pH scale represents a tenfold change in H+ ion concentration.
Acids have a pH between
0 and 7
Bases have a pH between
7 and 14
Catabolism
breaking molecules
Large molecules to small molecules
Eliminates chemical bonds (releases energy)
Ex: hydrolysis
Anabolism
building molecules
Small molecules to large molecules
Create chemical bonds (requires energy)
Ex: dehydration
Carbohydrates
sugars
Energy carbohydrates that provide calories (ex: glucose)
Ose ending: sugars
Scaccaride: sugar
Glucose
Glucose
product of photosynthesis, energy source for all living beings
Plant energy source
starch (polymer of glucose)
Plant structural source
cellulose (polymer of glucose)
Animal energy source
glycogen (branded polymer of glucose)
Animal structural source
chitin (exoskeleton of insects fungal cell wall)
Lipids
fats that are essential for life
Excellent source of storage energy
Insulation from cold temperature
Cushions parts of the body
Steroids, and Cholesterol
precursor to sex hormones and vitamin D
Strengthens the cell membrane
Hormone
small organic molecule (lipid or protein) produced in one part of the body that influences the function in another part of the body
Phospholipids
make up the cell membrane
Glycerol
make up the phospholipid
phosphate head
hydrophilic (water-loving)
Fatty acid tails
make up the phospholipid
hydrophobic (water-fearing)
LDL low density lipoprotein
Transport cholesterol & other lipids to cells in the body
Tend to “stick”
Leads of blockades (heart attack)
This leads to inflammation & hardening of arteries (heart disease)
HDL high density lipoprotein
Transport cholesterol & other lipids to the liver for removal
Higher the HDL -> healthy diet exercises
good ratio of LDL and HDL
2 LDL / 1 HDL
Triglycerides
calorically dense sources of energy
Saturated fats
Triglycerides
Carbon is “saturated” with hydrogen atom
Fat with single chemical bonds
Solid at room temperate
“Unhealthy dietary fat” (tends to stick to artery walls resulting in heart disease)
Animal sources
Unsaturated fats
Triglycerides
carbon atom is not saturated with hydrogen
liquid at room temperature
plant sources
healthy dietary fat
-tend to “remove” lipids from blood for digestion
Protein
individual amino acids are joined together by covalent bonds called peptide bonds
leads to unique characteristics & traits, composed of 20 amino acids
Ribosomes
site of protein synthesis (translation)
Protein functions
Transport
Structure
Movement
Defense
Enzyme
Protein transport
hemoglobin found in red blood cells carries respiratory gases (O2&CO2)
help transport of substance in & out of the cell membrane
Protein structure
a structural protein found in hair, nail, and feathers.. Etc.
makes up cytoskeleton
Cytoskeleton
internal cellular support (think “tent poles”)
made up of protein
Protein movement
muscle cells contract (shorten) causing movements due to protein fibers.
Protein defense
antibodies, part of the immune system, neutralize pathogenic threats in the body
Protein Enzyme
protein catalyst that speeds up chemical reactions so metabolism is possible
Lowers the amount of energy for a chemical reaction to occur
Genetic flow of information
DNA(gene) (transcription) -> make RNA (3 types of RNA) -> (translation) make protein
Prokaryotic
Small and simple
Unicellular (bacteria & archaeans)
Lacks membrane-bound organelles
No nucleus
A singular circular chromosome called a nucleoid
Eukaryotic
Larger and complex
Unicellular or multicellular (plants, animals, fungi, protists)
Has membrane-bound organelles
Has nucleus (houses and protects DNA)
Domain
largest classification grouped based on cell type
Bacteria
prokaryotic
Archaea
prokaryotic
Eukarya
eukaryotic
Unique cellular structure in bacteria
capsule
pilus
nucleoid
plasma
Capsule
outer sticky layer allowing bacteria to stick to adhere surface
Pilus
short hair-like structure allowing bacteria to stick to surfaces (cell-to cell contact for genetic exchange)
Nucleoid
single, circular chromosome (DNA)
Plasma
small circular pieces of extra DNA that lead to unique traits
Unique in all eukaryotic cells
Endomembrane system
Nucleus
Endoplasmic reticulum (rough E.R, smooth E.R)
Golgi apparatus
cytoskeleton
mitochondria
chloroplast
Nucleus
houses and protects DNA
Endoplasmic reticulum
manufacture and transport of cellular products (protein and lipids)
Rough E.R
has ribosomes, makes protein
Smooth E.R
no ribosomes, makes lipids
Golgi apparatus
receive sort, modify, package, and ship cellular products (fed-ex of the cell)
mitochondria
site of aerobic cellular respiration
goal: make ATP form “food” (calories)
ATP
universal stored energy used during metabolism
Chloroplast
site of photosynthesis
goal: make “food” (glucose)
only found in plants & algae
Cellular structures/features in ALL cells
Cell (plasma) membrane
cytoplasm
ribosome
Cytoplasm
“cell fluid” water & dissolved substance
Where metabolism takes place (+ cytoskeleton)
Cellular structure found in many Bacteria and eukaryotic cells
Cell wall (animal cells do not have cell wall)
Cell wall
provides rigid support & protection (bacteria, plants, fungi)
Unique to animal cells
Lysosome
Lysosome
“splitting body” membrane-bound organelle that contains digestive enzyme, breaks out waste and debris
Unique to plant cells
Chloroplast
cell wall
Large centralized vacuole
Large centralized vacuole
membrane-bound organelle involved in storage, used to store water in plant cells
Cell (plasma) membrane
selectively permeable, regulates the movement of substances in and out of the cell, composed of phospholipids
Protein channels are used for the movement of substance