AP European History Unit 1

Hundred Years War

Conflicts between England and France (1337-1453).

Joan of Arc

Motivated French resistance using religious fervor.

Babylonian Captivity

Popes resided in Avignon, not Rome (1309-1377).

Great Schism

Two popes in Avignon and Rome (1318-1417).

Council of Constance

Ended Great Schism by electing one pope.

Black Death

Plague causing ½-⅔ population loss (1347-1351).

Anti-Semitism

Blame placed on Jews during Black Death.

Labor Shortage

Result of population decline from Black Death.

Renaissance

Cultural rebirth emphasizing classical learning.

Florence

Dominant city-state in Renaissance Italy.

Medici Family

Powerful banking family in Florence.

Lorenzo the Magnificent

Patron of arts and civic humanism advocate.

Civic Humanism

Active citizen participation in public life.

Petrarch

Father of humanism; revived classical texts.

Humanism

Intellectual movement valuing individual potential and creativity.

Secularism

Focus on worldly rather than religious matters.

Castiglione's 'Book of the Courtier'

Guide for courtiers on behavior and independence.

Machiavelli's 'The Prince'

Manual for rulers on power acquisition.

Michelangelo

Artist known for naturalism in sculptures.

Sistine Chapel

Famous artwork painted by Michelangelo.

Brunelleschi

Architect of Florence Cathedral's dome.

Perspective

Artistic technique rediscovered by Brunelleschi.

Raphael

Painter of 'School of Athens'.

Erasmus

Northern humanist merging classical and Christian ideals.

'The Praise of Folly'

Erasmus's critique of religious and political institutions.

Thomas More

Wrote 'Utopia' about ideal society.

'Utopia'

Book envisioning a harmonious, competition-free society.

Italian Art

Funded by Catholic church and wealthy families.

Northern Art

Supported by wealthy merchants and monarchs.

Subjects of Italian Art

Figures from classical mythology and religious scenes.

Subjects of Northern Art

Everyday life, portraits, and domestic interiors.

Materials in Italian Art

Fresco, tempera, and marble were commonly used.

Materials in Northern Art

Oil on panel and wood were prevalent.

Focus of Italian Art

Emphasized scientific principles of proportion and perspective.

Focus of Northern Art

Concentrated on color and intricate detail.

Commonality of Both Arts

Utilized religious subject matter and perspective.

Naturalism

Artistic style emphasizing realistic representation.

Pieter Bruegel

Artist known for depicting peasant life.

The Harvesters

Famous painting by Pieter Bruegel.

Johann Gutenberg

Inventor of the printing press and movable type.

Gutenberg Bible

First printed Bible in the vernacular language.

Impact of Printing Press

Increased literacy and spread humanist ideas.

Spanish Inquisition

Monarchical control over the Catholic Church in Spain.

Ferdinand and Isabella

Unified Spain through marriage and religious control.

War of the Roses

Civil wars for English throne between two families.

Navigational Tools

Compass and caravel improved long-distance navigation.

Astrolabe

Instrument for determining latitude at sea.

Military Technology

Gunpowder and cannons facilitated imperialism.

Economic Motives for Exploration

Desire for gold, spices, and luxury goods.

Mercantilism

Economic theory maximizing exports and minimizing imports.

Christianity's Role in Exploration

Motivated European nations to spread faith globally.

Queen Isabella's Sponsorship

Supported Columbus for economic and religious expansion.

Reconquista

Efforts to reclaim territory from Muslims in Spain.

Jesuits

Society dedicated to spreading Catholicism and education.

Jean-Baptiste Colbert

Prominent advocate of mercantilism in France.

Bullionism

Economic stability relies on gold and silver reserves.

Naval Power

Strong navy protects trade and transport.

Colonial Territories

Acquisition of colonies for economic gain.

Favorable Balance of Trade

Exporting more than importing for economic health.

State Regulation of Trade

Government oversees economy and colonial trade.

Manufactured Goods

Mother country produces all goods for colonies.

Portuguese Empire

Established trading ports in Africa and Asia.

Spanish Empire

Colonized Americas, Caribbean, and Pacific islands.

French Colonial Interests

Focused on fur trade rather than expansion.

British East India Company

Founded in 1600 to control trade governance.

Dutch East India Company

Controlled colonies and trade through outposts.

Negotiation

Diplomatic treaties resolve colonial disputes.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Divided new lands between Spain and Portugal.

Coercion

Force used to settle disputes between nations.

Peace of Utrecht

Ended Spanish War of Succession with treaties.

Columbian Exchange

Exchange of goods, plants, and diseases globally.

Encomienda System

Forced labor system for indigenous and African people.

Consumerism

Increased demand for luxury goods in Europe.

Plantation Economy

Cash crops requiring harsh labor and long hours.

Slave Trade Development

Enslaved Africans arrived in Europe starting 1444.

Abolition Movements

Started in 1800 to end slavery.

Double-entry Bookkeeping

Accounting method for tracking financial transactions.

Bank of Amsterdam

First centralized bank, founded in 1609.

Joint Stock Company

Investors pool resources for large ventures.

Enclosure Movement

Consolidation of public lands into private ownership.

Scientific Farming

Advanced techniques to improve agricultural productivity.

Price Revolution

Inflation caused by influx of precious metals.

Effects of Inflation

Food shortages and delayed marriage among workers.

Continuities in Agriculture

European life still based on agriculture and seasons.

Serfdom

Societal hierarchy system still in use.

What were the driving forces behind the Renaissance and how did they establish the Renaissance as a turning point?

-The Renaissance is categorized by a newfound interest in the Ancient cultures of Greece and Roman culture. Considered a bridge between the Ancient World and Modern Era

-The driving forces were individualism and humanism

-Individualism: individuals had the drive to be the best and triumph over everyone else.

-Humanism: philosophy that focused on the unlimited potential of human beings through the emphasis of Greek and Roman cultures.

Identify and explain how the role of the individual in society changed during the Renaissance period?

In Machiavellis' book "The Prince", he said the goal of rulers was to stabilize their state by maintaining power at all costs. This influenced the role of the individual because the individual's role became to be a pawn in Machiavelli and other rulers' eyes

Civic humanism: an idea discussed in Castiglione's The Courtier which said that individuals had an important role in stabilizing the state of the country.

Leonardo Bruni emphasized Republicanism which existed in Ancient Rome. This meant an increased value of the individuals in society.

Explain how Individualism and Humanism were reflected in the artwork of the Italian Renaissance?

Patronage of the arts during the Italian Renaissance in Florence supported individualism as the artist was able to receive achievement and glory.

Michelangelos' David is a representation of humanism because instead of depicting David from the bible as scrawny he depicts him as powerful as a greek god

Raphael's School of Athens is a representation of the influence of antiquity through humanism as it shows the major figures of the Ancient Greek intellectual society

Brunelleschi's skills were unmatched architecturally at the time, reflecting individualism.

Compare and Contrast the Italian Renaissance and the Northern Renaissance in terms of how religion influenced their cultural movements.

For the Northern Renaissance, the people still focused on Humanism, but more heavily focused on Christian piety and an influence of antiquity.

However, the difference in Christianity's influence on Northern and Italian Renaissance was not clear since still the Italian arts main patron was the Catholic Church.

Erasmus was a Christian Humanist who showed this through his work like Praise of Folly. His goal was to clean up the corruption he saw in the Church.

How does the introduction of moveable type print change Europe intellectually and religiously?

Intellectually: More access to books which led to higher literacy rates throughout Europe

Religiously: The print of the Gutenberg Bible and the Bible in the vernacular in general, the power of the Catholic Church lessened. Since people now had access to God's true word themselves and not just through the church, the Protestant Reformation started.

How did the new Monarchies of Europe use religion to assert power and control?

Henry VIII first used religion to get favor from the Catholic Church in England by criticizing the actions of Martin Luther and the Protestant Reformation which earned him the title of "Defender of the Faith".

Monarchs unified their subjects under one religion which merged politics and religion.

Henry VIII and Elizabeth I did this with the Church of England and Ferdinand and Isabella with Spain, and Francis I with France and Catholicism

- Other monarchs tried to set aside religious differences that caused unrest in their kingdoms by passing laws that would allow for a minimal amount of religious tolerance.

ex) Charles V with the Peace of Augsburg in the Holy Roman Empire

How did Individualism influence the economic advancements of Europe during the Renaissance?

The establishment of banking systems like the Fuggers' and Medicis' led to an increase in international trade, and established two economic centers one in Augsburg Germany and the other in Florence.

Identify and explain the political, economic and religious motives behind European Exploration?

Political- Glory; to solidify their position in the international community of countries of Europe by acquiring the most colonies

Economic- Gold; initial motivation to find trade routes to Asia and avoid the Ottoman Empire. But once the Americas were discovered it was a means of gaining money and resources for the home country

ex) the Royal Fifth that went to the Spanish Monarchy (mercantilism)

Religion- God; Spread Catholicism around the world and especially increased in desire after the Protestant Reformation in order to increase the number of Catholic followers to counter the decline that was occuring in Europe

ex) Jesuits

What were some of the lasting consequences of the Age of Exploration on both American and European societies?

Harsh treatment and overall destruction of the Native populations and their cultures

Ex) Pizarro and the Incas - Cortes and the Aztecs - Columbus and the Tainos

The establishment of colonies provided raw materials to fuel the industrial revolution in Europe

ex) the encomienda system in Latin America and the plantation systems in North America

The Treaty of Tordesillas: split the world in half to divide the power of colonies in the new world between Portugal and Spain.

Resulted in lasting results on the language and culture of Latin America

ex) Brazil is the only Latin American country to speak Portuguese while the rest fell in the Spain's territory and speaks Spanish

Identify and explain the positive impacts that the Columbian Exchange had on the Americas and Europe.

Europe-

Antwerp and the economic rise of the Netherlands

New crops from the Americas (Potatoes, tomatoes, corn, and chocolate)

Americas-

Introduction of new livestock (Horses, chickens, pigs, and cows

New crops from Africa and Europe (grains)

Identify and explain the negative impacts that the Columbian Exchange had on the Americas and Europe.

Americas-

The slave trade provided labor but also forced the migration, division of families, and destroyed the lives of enslaved people. It also promoted a feeling of racial superiority that contributed to racial unrest

The encomienda system saw the enslavement of the Native population in America

Introduction of new diseases, like smallpox, which killed off a large portion of the Native population since they had never been exposed to it before and didn't have the antibodies

Explain how the Slave Trade was a reflection of the theories of Machiavelli?

Machiavelli said "the ends justifies the means" which was a way to justify immoral acts if it results in something greater. This was used to justify the actions surrounding the Slave Trade since it increased the power of European Countires. It also spread the idea that a country or leader should do whatever it takes to increase and maintain power.

How did the Age of Exploration lead directly to the Commercial Revolution?

Exploration led to the development of colonies and establishing cash crop plantations

Led to the establishment of joint stock companies which increased international trade and would fuel the commercial revolution

Led to an influx of gold and silver from the Americas, especially in Spain, which led to the Price Revolution and the commercialization of agriculture

Explain how the Agricultural Revolution was paving the way towards the Industrial Revolution.

The agricultural revolution moved away from subsistence farming in Europe and towards industrial farming by using enclosure policies and made farming out of reach for poor farmers and forced them out of their land.This caused the farmers to move to the cities (urbanization) in search of work, becoming the labor source which was necessary for the industrial revolution to occur.