Sec 12-2 - National Unification: Italy and Germany

Piedmont-Sardinia

Italian nationalists looked for leadership from this kingdom. it was the largest and most powerful of the Italian states. State had liberal support as it had a liberal constitution and granted civil liberties, not political liberties, to all.

Victor Emmanuel II

He was king of Sardinia, Piedmont and Savory until 1861 when he was crowned the first king of a united Italy

Count Camillo di Cavour

The Prime Minister of Sardinia-Piedmont who helped provoke Austria into a war which led to the unification of the northern Italian states. Cavour favored a constitutional government and his moderation allowed for both conservatives and liberals (+ nationalists) to support him.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italian patriot whose conquest of Sicily and Naples led to the formation of the Italian state (1807-1882). In other words, Garibaldi helped unite southern Italy. He was far too radical (democratic-republican) and Cavour had to intervene to stop him.

Red Shirt Army

Giuseppe Garibaldi's volunteer army that marched up Italy in pursuit of unification. They were especially successful in Naples and Sicily. Name came from the color of their shirts.

How did the breakdown of the Concert of Europe allow for Italy and Ger Unification?

European powers (Austria, Prussia, France, Britain, and Russia) helped keep conservatism dominate as well as altogether suppress revolutions. However, when this alliance broke down, forces of nationalism and liberalism could no longer be contained. This led to realpolitk leaders to be able to unite their respective states together.

Why did France initially agree to ally with Piedmont/Cavour?

1\.) Cavour was for a constitutional monarchy and was not too radical, so Napoleon III did not see any real threat to status quo.

2\.) France was promised Nice and Savoy provinces if they helped Italy get Lombardy and Venetia from Austria (then Upper kingdom of Italy would be created with Piedmont being dominate)

3\.) Napoleon III cousin would get to rule kingdom of central italy (never came to be)

Why did Piedmont take leadership during Italian unification?

1. Had a liberal constitution
2. Cavour was able to strengthen and stimulate Piedmont economy in agriculture, banking, railroads, shipping, etc. He helped expand economy. This was used to grow the army
3. Cavour made alliances in order to be able to fight off Austria

What were the outcomes after the war with Austria?

France betrayed Italy and made peace with Austria. Cavour was only able to receive Lombardy. However, by 1860, northern italian states joined Piedmont and so North Italy was unified. However, it was the efforts of Garibaldi that helped unite south and north together.

How did Cavour unify Italy under Piedmont?

After a plebscite, the southern Italian states (Papal states and Two Sicilies) agreed to join the Northern Italian states. In 1861, Kingdom of Italy was proclaimed under the control of King Victor Emmanuel II. This kingdom was dominated by Piedmont.

Kingdom of Italy (1861)

The Kingdom of Italy was first proclaimed after the joining of the expanded kingdom of Piedmont with Garibaldi's southern Italian states in 1861. The only remaining lands left to be gained were Venetia (Austrian controlled) and Rome (French protected) Through a series of wars, the unification was completed in 1870 when Rome became the new capital of Italy. (Trick question: Kingdom of Italy created in 1861, Italian peninsula unified in 1870)

Zollverein

The name of the free trade zone that German states created in the early 19th century, decades prior to their unification. This union allowed for state members to gain prosperity since they did not have to pay for tolls on rivers and roads anymore. Austria was excluded, which led to Prussia to be strengthened. Liberals looked to Prussia for unification

King William I of Prussia

Wanted to increase the size, power and to modernize the Prussian army. Liberals in legislation did not like this and rejected his bill. Caused him to appoint Otto von Bismarck, a conservative who hated liberals.

Otto von Bismarck (1815-1898)

Prussian chancellor who engineered a series of wars to unify Germany under his authoritarian rule

Realpolitik

Political realism or practical politics, especially policy based on power rather than on ideals.

"iron and blood"

Bismarck made an impressive speech to parliament trying to convince them to finance an army- said that negotiating and diplomatic practices would only get a country so far but in the end the only real accomplishment lie in war -iron and blood. He believed the only way to unite Germany was through war, not through idealism. He believed Prussia should come out on top.

Danish War

Denmark attempted to incorporate the duchies of Schleswig and Holstein, angered German nationalists. Prussia convinced Austria to declare war first, then Prussia would join them. In 1864 after three months of fighting Denmark surrendered to Prussia and Austria. They were forced to give up two duchies, Prussia would administer Schleswig and Austria would administer Holstein. Bismarck uses joint administration to create friction between Austria and Prussia as well as isolate Austria from German affairs. (Isolated Austria as well, managed to get France and Russia to stay neutral and Italy helped out Prussia)

How did Zollverein encourage German unification?

it was a German economic union created by Prussia that did away with trade barriers while leaving the states politically divided. It helped ease tensions between the state as well as make liberals and nationalists look up to Prussia rather than Austria for unification.

How did Bismarck control Prussia? (before unification)

After Parliament denied Bismarck the ability to strengthen the army, he went ahead and collected the money he needed illegally. He governed Prussia from 1862-1866 ignoring Parliament and essentially ruling as a dictator. His foreign policy impacted Europe.

Austro-Prussian War (1866)

Engineered by Bismarck as part of his master plan to unify Germany under the Prussian monarchy. Prussian troops surprised and overwhelmed a larger Austrian force, winning victory in only seven weeks. The result was that Austria was expelled from the old German Confederation and a new North German Confederation, completely under the control of Prussia, was created.

North German Confederation

Result of end of Austria-Prussian War, Austria doesn't get involved in German affairs, North German Confederation made under rulership of Prussia. Major step towards German unification.

Bundesrat

The upper house, or Federal Council, of the German Diet (legislature).

Reichstag

The popularly elected lower house of government of the new German Empire after 1871. Elected through universal male sufferage

Franco-Prussian War (1870-1871)

This was a major war between the French and the Germans in 1871 that brought about the unification of Germany. It was caused by Otto Von Bismarck altering a telegram from the Prussian King to provoke the French into attacking Prussia, thus hoping to get the independent German states to unify with Prussia (which they did, thus creating Germany).

Prince Leopold of Hohenzollern

Offered throne to Spain after Queen Isabella II (a Bourbon), the Spanish was overthrown. King William I forced Leopold to decline in order to avoid war with France (France was not happy about Leopold possibly being king)

Sedan

At the Battle of Sedan, Prussian forces captured French army and Napoleon III. Napoleon III was sent into exile and so the Second French Empire would collapse. Still, the people in Paris continued to fight.

Kaiser

William I of Prussia declares himself \___________, Emperor of Second German Empire, at Versailles

Effects of Austro-Prussian War

Austria only lost territory to Italy - Venetia. Austria was also excluded from German affairs as Bismarck made it seem that is was Austria who provoked the war. War caused north german states to form the Northern German Confederation, controlled by Prussia. United most of Germany, it was the Franco-Prussian war that would completely unite Germany. Anyways, this war was the turning point for Austria in terms of domestic affairs. Parliament legalized the taxes he took illegally. Proved that through the use of nationalism, support of liberals could be gained. Also proved that authoritarian governments could use nationalism and liberalism to their advantage.

Start and Effects of Franco-Prussian War

* Throne of Spain offered to Leopold, angered French as they did not want to be surrounded by Germans. William I forced Leopold to decline throne and apologized to France. Bismarck edited telegram in order for French to be insulted, they were, and so they declared war.
* Results of war: Not favorable for France. Paris was under seige and starvation was rampant. When seige was over, they were forced to support German occupation as well as pay 5 billion francs to Germans. Angered French a lot.

Austro-Prussian War vs Franco-Austrian War

Main difference was the treatment of France and Austria. Austria left basically unscathed and unhumiliated, only had to give up Venetia. France had to give up two provinces and were treated harsh in comparison to Austria