Organic Chem 3.2 IB HL Chem

IUPAC

International Unions of Pure and Applied Chemistry

Homologous Series

Definition: A group of organic compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties, but differing by a common structural feature.

Structural Isomer

Flashcard: Structural isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the arrangement of atoms. They have different physical and chemical properties.

Alkane

Alkane: A type of hydrocarbon with single bonds between carbon atoms. It is saturated and has the general formula CnH2n+2.

Alkene

Alkene: Unsaturated hydrocarbon with at least one carbon-carbon double bond. Exhibits chemical reactivity in processes like addition reactions.

Alkyne

Alkyne

• A type of hydrocarbon with a triple bond between carbon atoms. It is unsaturated and more reactive than alkanes and alkenes.

Alcohol

ether

Type of organic compound with an oxygen atom bonded to two alkyl or aryl groups. Often used as solvents or anesthetics.

aldehyde

Aldehyde is a type of organic compound with a carbonyl group bonded to at least one hydrogen atom. Common examples include formaldehyde and acetaldehyde.

ketone

Functional group with a carbonyl group bonded to two carbon atoms; found in many organic compounds; named by replacing the -e of the parent alkane with -one.

carboxylic acid

Carboxylic acid - Organic compound with a carboxyl functional group (-COOH), found in vinegar and citrus fruits, used in food preservation and pharmaceuticals.

halogenoalkine

Halogenoalkanes are organic compounds containing at least one halogen atom (fluorine, chlorine, bromine, or iodine) bonded to an alkane carbon chain.

amine

Organic compounds derived from ammonia (NH3) by replacing one or more hydrogen atoms with alkyl or aryl groups. They are classified as primary, secondary, or tertiary based on the number of substituents attached to the nitrogen atom.

ester

Ester: Organic compound formed by the reaction between an alcohol and a carboxylic acid, resulting in a sweet-smelling molecule used in perfumes and flavorings.

nitrile

Functional group containing a carbon triple-bonded to a nitrogen atom. Often found in organic compounds like acetonitrile and benzonitrile.

arene

an aromatic hydrocarbon (such as benzene or naphthalene)

hydroxyl

a functional group with one hydrogen and one oxygen atom.

carboxyl

of or denoting the acid radical —COOH, present in most organic acids.

cyclic

a term for a compound in the field of chemistry in which one or more series of atoms in the compound is connected to form a ring.

non cyclic

In Organic compounds, the non-cyclic or an open-chain structure

primary

a term used in organic chemistry to classify various types of compounds (e.g. alcohols, alkyl halides, amines) or reactive intermediates (e.g. alkyl radicals, carbocations).

secondary

a general term used in chemistry that can be applied to many molecules, even more than the ones listed here; the principles seen in these examples can be further applied to other functional group containing molecules. The ones shown above are common molecules seen in many organic reactions.

tertiary

a term used in organic chemistry to classify various types of compounds (e. g. alcohols, alkyl halides, amines) or reactive intermediates (e. g. alkyl radicals, carbocations)

conformational isomer

are stereoisomers produced by rotation about σ bonds

configurational isomer

Configurational isomers have the same molecular formula but differ in the spatial arrangement of atoms. They cannot be interconverted without breaking covalent bonds.

chiral

Chiral: A molecule that cannot be superimposed on its mirror image. It has a non-superimposable mirror image, known as its enantiomer.

enantiomer

Enantiomers are non-superimposable mirror images of each other. They have the same physical properties but interact differently with other chiral molecules.

diastereomer

Diastereomers are stereoisomers that are not mirror images of each other. They differ at some, but not all, stereocenters in a molecule.

racemic mixture

A mixture that contains equal amounts of both enantiomers, resulting in no overall optical activity.

molecular ion

the ion produced when the molecule is ionised by loss of an electron from the molecule

polarimeter

optical instruments used for determining the polarization properties of light beams and samples. Light-measuring polarimeters determine the polarization state of a beam of light and give its polarization characteristics.

fragment

Fragmentation is a type of chemical dissociation, in which the removal of the electron from the molecule results in ionization. Removal of electrons from either sigma bond, pi bond or nonbonding orbitals causes the ionization.

wavenumber

In the physical sciences, the wavenumber (or wave number), also known as repetency,^[1] is the spatial frequency of a wave, measured in cycles per unit distance (ordinary wavenumber) or radians per unit distance (angular wavenumber).^[2][3][4] It is analogous to temporal frequency, which is defined as the number of wave cycles per unit time (ordinary frequency) or radians per unit time (angular frequency).

fingerprint region

Fingerprint region: The 1450 - 500 cm^-1 range of an infrared spectrum. Called the fingerprint region because (like a human fingerprint) this region of the spectrum is almost unique for any given compound.

proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Proton nuclear magnetic resonance (1H NMR, proton NMR, or hydrogen-1 NMR) is the application of nuclear magnetic resonance in NMR spectroscopy with respect to hydrogen-1 nuclei within the molecules of a substance, in order to determine the structure of its molecules.

HNMR

In the above ¹H NMR spectrum of methyl acetate (Fig. 6.6a), we can see that there are three signals. The peak at the far right is for the standard reference compound tetramethylsilane (TMS, more discussions in chemical shift section 6.6.2), not for the compound. So the compound methyl acetate shows two signals in ¹H NMR spectrum. Why only two signals for a compound containing total six hydrogens?

signal

Signal. This is the part of the data that contains information about the chemical species of interest (i.e. analyte)

integration trace

An integrator trace measures the relative areas under the various peaks in the spectrum. When the integrator trace crosses a peak or group of peaks, it gains height. The height gained is proportional to the area under the peak or group of peaks.

splitting pattern

the splitting pattern refers to the number of peaks observed for a particular proton in the spectrum. The pattern of peaks is determined by the number of chemically equivalent protons that are neighboring the proton being observed.

singlet

All electrons in the molecule are spin paired. It is called a singlet because there is only one possible orientation in space.

doublet

a split signal composed of two lines, close together. The height of the lines may be equal or unequal.

triplet

A triplet state is an electronic state in which two electrons in different molecular orbitals have parallel spins,

quartet

a split signal composed of four lines, close together

skeletal formula

A representation of molecular structure in which covalent bonds are shown as lines.