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Fake News
deliberately false or misleading news stories that masquerade as truthful reporting
Reasonable Skepticism
An attitude that involves giving up the habit of automatically accepting claims in the media, rejecting the questionable assumption that most of what’s said online is true, and refusing to believe a claim unless there are legitimate reasons for doing so.
Advertising
The aim of advertising is to sell or promote something, it is not required to be objective or provide completely accurate pictures of the products or services it is promoting
Paid search ads
when you google something the first things that pop up that are sponsored/advertising
Display ads
Ads that show up on websites and on videos, around the content that you are looking for. They are typically relevant to the content you’re viewing, though not always
Weasel words
words that allow you to make strong claims while avoiding blatant lying (“Americas Favorite”, “Super Useful”, etc. - example “combine and you could save”) - words like some, may, reportedly, as many as, seems, etc.
Native Advertising
Paid advertising designed to imitate the tone, style, and look of a publication’s editorial or journalistic content.
Misleading comparisons
Comparisons of a product to make them sound better, example is “more than 80% of dentists recommend Colgate”
Slogans
Using memorable phrases that through repetition get our attention
Identification
Many ads persuade by simply inviting the coniumer to identify with attractive people (real or imaged) or groups.
Social Media Ads
Advertisers pay to have their ads not just posted on social media, but posted to a specific targeted audience defined by people’s personal, demographic, and behavioral characteristics. These ads, often labeled “Sponsored” or “Promoted,” appear as banners, display ads, click-through ads, and auto-play videos (essentially digital TV ads).
Criteria of adequacy
The standards used to judge the worth of explanatory theories. They include testability, fruitfulness, scope, simplicity, and conservatism.
Conservatism
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A conservative theory is one that fits with our established beliefs.
Inference to the best explanation
A theory judged by these criteria to be the best explanation for certain facts is worthy of our belief, and we may legitimately claim to know that such a theory is true. But the theory is not then necessarily or certainly true in the way that a sound deductive argument’s conclusion is necessarily or certainly true. Inference to the best explanation, like other forms of induction, cannot guarantee the truth of the best explanation. That is, it is not truth preserving. The best theory we have may actually be false. Nevertheless, we would have excellent reasons for supposing our best theory to be a true theory.
Simplicity
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A simple theory is one that makes minimal assumptions.
Testable
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A testable theory is one in which there is some way to determine whether the theory is true or false—that is, it predicts something other than what it was introduced to explain.
TEST formula
State the Theory and check for consistency
Assess the evidence for the theory
Scrutinize alternative theories
Test the theories with the criteria of adequacy
Conservatism
A criterion of adequacy for judging the worth of theories. A conservative theory is one that fits with our established beliefs.
Appeals to personal certainty
the attempt to prove a claim by appealing to the fact that you’re certain of it
Motivism
Dismissing an argument not because the argument is bad, but because you think the arguer’s motives are bad
Negative partisanship
When beliefs are formed primarily because of hate for others.
Strawman (“nutpicking”)
Taking an extreme member of an opposition group and treating them as a representative of the group as a whole
Strawman (radicalizing the opposition)
Transforming a modest, qualfied proposition from an opposing group into an unqualified radical proposition so it can be more easily attacked or refuted
Whataboutism
the opposing of an accusation by arguing that an opponent is guilty of an equally bad or worse offense
Fake Images
Reverse image searching
AI generation/look for incongruencies
Look for the source of the image
Beware of the “unbelievable” (if the image is unreal, it might actually not be real)
