Giselle Olvera

based on amsco

Topic 1.1

• first permanent English settlement at Jamestown, Virginia.

• natives in the New World developed distinct cultures in response to their environment.

• European explorers in the Americas: Spanish & Portuguese then French & Dutch

• motives for exploration: the desire to spread Christianity, become wealthy by finding an all-water route to Asia (INDIA), establish fur-trading posts, operate gold and silver mines, or develop plantations.

• Europeans relied on violence to force and invade natives with weapons.

• columbian exchange: a transatlantic trade in animals, plants, and germs.

• crops originally from the Americas such as corn (maize), potatoes, and tomatoes revolutionized the diet of the Europeans.

• Germs that developed in Europe caused epidemics in the Americas. The native population declined by 90 percent within a century.

• Africans were brought to the Americas because of Europeans’ desire for low-cost labor to work in mines and on plantations. Like the natives, they resisted by maintaining elements of their culture.

• Spain was the wealthiest because of silver produced in mines in Mexico and South America.

Topic 1.2

• The original discovery and settlement of North and South America was when migrants from Asia crossed a land bridge that once connected Siberia and Alaska over the Bering Sea. People then migrated southward from near the Arctic Circle to the southern tip of South America into hundreds of tribes, speaking hundreds of languages.

• Mayas built remarkable cities in the rain forests of the Yucatan Peninsula (present-day Guatemala, Belize and southern Mexico)

• After the decline of the Mayas, the Aztecs from central Mexico developed a powerful empire. The Aztec capital, Tenochtitlan had a population of about 200,00.

• The Inca was based in Peru and developed a vast empire in western South America.

• Mayas, Aztecs, and Inca all carried on extensive trade, and cultivated crops.

• native societies in North America had less complex social structures than those in Mexico and South America.

• nutrition like corn provided by Mexico allowed for a larger and more densely settled population and led to more socially diversified societies in which people specialized in their work.

• Southwest settlement: in the dry region (New Mexico and Arizona), groups such as Holokam, Anasazi, and the pueblos, evolved multifaceted societies. Many people lived in caves, under cliffs, and in multistoried buildings. The Spread of maize from Mexico prompted economic growth and the development of irrigation systems, that led to complex societies, with greater variations between social and economic classes.

• Northwest settlement: along the Pacific coast (Alaska to Northern California) people lived in permanent longhouses or plank houses. High mountain ranges in this region isolated tribes from one another.

• Great Basin and Great Plains: People adapted to the dry climate by developing mobile ways of living. Nomadic tribes survived on hunting (buffalo). They also raised corn, beans, and squash which they traded with others. In the 17th century, American Indians acquired horses by trading/stealing from the Spanish settlers. Facilitated hunting buffaloes.

• Mississippi River Valley: East of the Mississippi River valley, the Woodland American Indians prospered with a rich food supply. Supported by hunting, fishing, and agriculture. People established permanent settlements.

• Northeast settlement: Culture from the MRV spread to New York. Their culture combined hunting, fishing, and farming. Farming techniques exhausted soil quickly, so people had to relocate frequently

• Atlantic Seaboard Settlements: In the area from New Jersey south to Florida lived the people of the coastal plains such as the Cherokee and the Lumbee. Many were descendants of the woodland mount builders and built timber and bark lodgings along rivers, the rivers and the Atlantic Ocean provided a rich source of food.

Topic 1.3

• In Europe a rebirth of classical learning prompted an outburst of artistic and scientific activity in the 15th and 16th centuries known as the Renaissance. Technological advances were just Europeans making improvements in the inventions of others. Europeans began to use Gunpowder (Chinese), and Compass (Chinese), also major improvements in shipbuilding and map-making. The Printing press also spread knowledge across Europe.

• In the 8th century, Islamic invaders from North Africa, the Moors, rapidly conquered most of now Spain. Over the next several centuries, Spanish Christians reconquered much of the land and set up several independent Kingdoms. Two of the largest kingdoms united when Isabella and Ferdinand married in 1469. Because of that victory, that same year, they funded Christopher Columbus's voyage to “Asia”.

• In the early 1500s, certain Christians in Germany, England, France, Holland, and other northern European countries revolted against the authority of the pope in Rome. This revolt was known as the protestant reformation. The conflict between Catholics and Protestants led to a series of religious wars that resulted in many millions of deaths in the 26th and 27th centuries. Each side wanted to spread its own version of Christianity to people in Africa, Asia, and the Americas, leading to the motive for exploration and colonization.

• Economic motives for exploration grew out of fierce competition among European Kingdoms for increased trade with Africa, India, And China.

• Land route to Asia (across the Byzantine city of Constantinople) became blocked when the Ottoman Turks seized control of Constantinople. Had to find a new way to Asia. Henry the Navigator found the route and Vasco da Gama was the first European to reach India via this route.

• In the 15th century, the Portuguese began enslaving people captured in wars. They used enslaved workers on newly established sugar plantations, which was very profitable.

• Europe was changing politically in the 15th century, Small kingdoms turned into larger ones. Enormous multiethnic empires (Holy Roman Empire) were beginning to break up.

• Replacing the small kingdoms and the multiethnic empires were nation-states, the majority of people shared both a common culture and common loyalty toward a central government.

• The Western European monarchs used their power to search for riches abroad and to spread the influence of their version of Christianity to overseas dominions.

• Spain and Portugal were the first European kingdoms to claim territories in the Americas which led to disputes and signed an agreement called the Treaty of Tordesillas where Portugal got Brazil and Spain got the rest of the Americas, other European countries soon challenged those claims.

• In the 16th century, England took more interest in distant affairs. England challenged Spanish shipping, they attacked ships, seized gold and silver, and even attacked Spanish settlements on the coast of Peru.

• Like the English, the French were slow to develop colonies across the Atlantic, because the French Monarchy was preoccupied with internal religious conflict between the Roman Catholics and Protestants.

Topic 1.4

• in 1492, Christopher Columbus was funded for his voyages by Ferdinand and Isabella because they were at their height of power after defeating the Moors in Granada.

• Columbus landed in the Bahamas on October 12. He found little gold, few spices, and no path to Asia.

• Europeans learned about new plants and foods, including beans, corn, sweet and white potatoes, tomatoes, and tobacco.

• People in the Americas learned about sugar cane, bluegrasses, pigs, and horses, as well as new technology, such as the wheel, iron, and guns.

• Columbian Exchange led to population growth in Europe, Africa, and Asia but declined in the Americas due to diseases like smallpox.

• In Europe, population growth and access to new resources encouraged trade which led to economic, political, and social change. Feudalism changed to capitalism. As trade increased, commerce became increasingly important, and political power shifted from large landowners to wealthy merchants.

• One reason trade increased was that Europeans were eager to gain access to the riches of the Americas, Africa, and Asia.

• To finance voyages more safely, Europeans developed a new type of enterprise, the joint-stock company.

Topic 1.5

• Journeys done by Vasco Nuñez de Bolboa, Ferdinant Magellans, and conquest of Aztecs in Mexico by Hernan cortés and conquest of the Incas in Peru by Francisco Pizarro secured Spain’s initial supremacy in the Americas.

• The Spanish incorporated the surviving Indians in Mexico and Peru into their own empire where they used the encomienda system. Indians were forced to farm or work in mines.

• Spain copied Portugal's use of African Slaves and began trading with African partners using the asiento system (colonists paid tax to the Spanish king on each enslaved person they imported to the Americas). They imported slaves in large numbers through the middle passage (across the Atlantic Sea).

• Africans resisted slavery in multiple ways, they often ran away, sabotaged work, or revolted.

• The combination of Native Americans, Africans, and Europeans made the Spanish colonies very diverse. Many Spanish men had children with Native women which led to the Spanish developing a caste system that described the status of people in the colonies by their heritage. Pure-blooded Spanish - Spanish with a mix of NA or A - Pure Indian / black Heritage.

Topic 1.6

• The Europeans who colonized North and South America generally viewed Native Americans as inferior people who could be exploited for economic gain, converted to Christianity, and used as military allies.

• Bartolome de las Casas became an advocate for better treatment for Indians. He persuaded the kind to institute the New Laws of 1542, these laws ended slavery, halted forced Indian labor, and began to end the encomienda system that kept Indians in serfdom.

• The Valladolid debate was a debate over the role of Indians in the Spanish Colonies. Whether they were human or not.

• Initially the English and American Indians coexisted, traded, and shared Ideas, But peaceful relations soon gave way to conflict and warfare.

• The French, looking for furs and converts to Catholicism, viewed American Indians as potential economic and military allies. French maintained good relations with the tribes they encountered. French Built trading posts along great lakes like the Mississippi River. Because the French had few colonists, farms, or towns, they posed less threat to the native populations than did other Europeans.

• As European settlements expanded, Native Americans responded to protect their culture by allying with European powers and others would migrate west to get away from settlers, though that often led to conflict with Natives already living in that region.

• Africa had an impact in the Americas with Rice and music like banjo.

• Europeans justified slavery by citing the bible, and “biology”.

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