A&P Quiz and Exam questions

The dermis is a strong, flexible connective tissue layer. Which of the following cell types are likely to be found in the dermis?

fibroblasts, macrophages, and mast cells

The composition of the secretions of the eccrine gland is ________.

99% water, sodium chloride, trace amounts of wastes, and vitamin C

If a splinter penetrated the skin into the second epidermal layer of the sole of the foot, which cells would be damaged?

lucidum

Apocrine glands, which begin to function at puberty under hormonal influence, seem to place little role in thermoregulation. Where would we find these glands in the human body?

in the axillary and anogenital area

The function of the root hair plexus is to _______.

allow the hair to assist in touch sensation

Melanocytes and keratinocytes work together in protecting the skin from UV damage when keratinocytes ________.

accumulate the melanin granules on their superficial portion, forming a UV-blocking pigment layer

________ burns involve the epidermis, all of the dermis, and often some deeper tissue

Third-degree

The “ABCD rule” for recognizing early signs of malignant melanoma refers to the following characteristics of the lesion:

asymmetry, border irregularity, color, and diameter

Which of the following cutaneous receptors is specialized for the reception of touch, light pressure, and textures?

Meissner’s corpuscles

Select the most correct statement concerning skin cancer

Melanomas are rare but must be removed quickly to prevent them from metastasizing

Sweat glands vary in distribution over the surface of the body. Which of the following is correct?

Ceruminous glands secrete cerumen, which is thought to deter insects.

Which type of leukocyte releases histamine?

Basophil

The first phase of hemostasis involves ______.

Blood vessel constriction

Sebum is a secretion that _______.

lubricates skin and helps defend against bacteria

The formation of a web-like polymer of fibrin occurs late in the _______ pathway.

Common

Which is going to result in significant agglugination?

Donor is type AB, recipient is type B

Which are characteristics of leukocytes?

B, C, E

Have a nucleus

Have no hemoglobin

Depending on type, may or may not contain granules

The structure responsible for pulling on the follicle and causing “goose bumps” is the _______.

Arrector pili muscle

The hypodermis is rich in adipose, and thus its functions include ________

organ protection, energy storage, and thermal insulation

As a platelet plug forms at an injury site, platelets become activated and their cytosol _______

degranulates as they release chemicals such as ADP and thromboxane A2

What is the greatest risk factor for skin cancer?

Exposure to UV light rays

Pernicious anemia is _______

caused by a failure of the body to absorb vitamin B12

Normally, skin color results from a combination of ________

A, B, D

Melanin

Hemoglobin

Carotene

Which events occur during the recycling of aged or damaged erythrocytes (order is not important)

A, C, D, F

The heme group is converted to biliverdin

The iron ions in hemoglobin are removed

The iron ions are stored in the liver

Membrane proteins and globin proteins are broken down and reused

Tactile (merkel) cells are sensitive to _______

touch

Cerumen is a secretion that _________

lubricates the ear canal and traps debris before it reaches the eardrum

Which are characteristics of type A blood?

B, C, F

Has anti-B antibodies

Has surface antigen A on its erythrocytes

Will agglutinate with blood type B

The type of leukocytes that is very active during a bacterial infection is a(n) _________

neutrophil

Why might someone pale when they are exposed to a cold temperature?

Vasoconstriction has occurred

The type of gland that secretes sweat into a hair follicle that is found in the axillary, anal, and genital regions in the ______ sweat gland.

Apocrine

Which of these comprise the nail plate?

A, D, E

Free edge

Nail root

Nail body

Keratinocytes are ________

all of these choices are correct

One of the main dangers of burns is ________

dehydration, as water can escape from the body

The type of leukocyte that will migrate in the blood and take up residence in the tissues as a macrophage is a(n) ________

monocyte

Which are characteristics of type O blood?

A, B, E

Has anti-A antibodies

Has anti-B antibodies

Has neither surface antigen A nor B on its erythrocytes

Which of these are functions of hair?

A, B, C, D, E

Sensory reception

Heat retention

Pheromone dispersal

Protection

Visual identification

A malnourished person might have abnormally low levels of plasma proteins. AS a result, colloid osmotic pressure ______

decreases, and there is fluid retention in the interstitial space

Which leukocytes are derived rom the myeloid line?

Neutrophils, basophils, eosinophils, and monocytes

Which is the actively growing part of the nail?

nail matrix

Which type of hair forms the beard on the faces of males?

terminal

How many oxygen molecules may bind to a single molecule of hemoglobin?

4

Epidermal dendritic (Langerhans) cells function as part of the ______ response

immune

In hemopoiesis, granulocytes such as neutrophils are formed from the _______ line

myeloid

The function of melanin in the skin is to _______

protect against UV light

Beta-globulins transport _______,__ whereas gamma-globulins are _____.

iron ions, antibodies

The carbon dioxide molecules that bind to the hemoglobin molecule are attached to the ______ units

globin

Among the components of the dermis are _______

A, B, C, D, E

Sweat glands

Hair follicles

collagen fibers

sensory nerve endings

arrector pili muscles

which are applicable to the stratum corneum?

A, C, D, E

Most superficial stratum

Cells are dead

Interlocking keratinized cells

Cells are anucleate

Fibrinolysis involves _____ __of the fibrin framework, and it involves the protein__ ____.

Destruction, plasmin

During platelet plug formation, platelets begin to stick to _______

Collagen fibers that become exposed upon blood vessel damage

The definition of the hematocrit refers to the percentage of ________

erythrocytes in the blood

The hemoglobin found in erythrocytes is able to chemically attach to _______

both oxygen and carbon dioxide

Thick skin contains _______

Five epidermal strata and lacks sebaceous glands

Which are characteristic of type Rh negative blood?

B, E

Only under certain conditions with Rh (anti-D) antibodies be present

Is inherited independent of the ABO group

The viscosity of blood is ____ proportional to the number of erythrocytes and ______ proportional to the amount of fluid.

directly, indirectly

Helper T (TH) cells recognize antigens when they are bound to a ______.

Class II MHC glycoproteins

Which of the following is NOT a mechanism for the development of autoimmune disorders?

a second exposure to an allergen

The first of a series of neutrophil behaviors in inflammation is _______.

Margination

Complement C3b protein coats bacteria and stimulates phagocytosis by _______ during a process called ______.

neutrophils and macrophages; opsonization

A pyrogen is a substances that causes ______.

Fever

Antigen-presenting cells usually display processed antigens that had penetrated the skin to T cells in the _______.

Lymph nodes

A(n) ______ is the region of the molecule that is recognized by antibodies.

Epitope

Complement fixation cannot lead to _______

Fever

_______ are secreted by cells infected with viruses, alerting neighboring cells and protecting them from becoming infected.

Interferons

Cellular (cell-mediated) immunity is effective against _______.

Cancer cells

Lymph nodes differ from plasma in that _______.

Plasma has more protein than lymph

Removal of the ______ would be more harmful to a one-year-old child than an adult.

Thymus

The tissues of the spleen are called ______

red and white pulp

_____ lacks the capacity to remember a pathogen or react differently to it in the future, whereas _____ utilizes memory cells to adapt to a given pathogen and ward it off more easily in the future.

Nonspecific resistance; adaptive immunity

Which of the following would NOT be classified as a lymphatic structure?

Pancreas

Malaria is a disease caused by a _______

Protozoan

Which of the following is NOT a function of the lymphatic system?

Transporting hormones to intestinal smooth muscle

Innate defenses are ________

fast and nonspecific

If lymph nodes existed without macrophages, the lymph nodes would lose the ability to ______

clear cellular debris and initiate immune responses

Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ______

crypts that trap bacteria

During ventricular contraction _______

the semilunar valves open and the AV valves close

Although they are not a site of lymphocyte formation, _______ lymphatic structures provide sites where immune responses are initiated.

secondary

Poison ivy contains a toxin that acts as a hapten by _______

combining with a body protein and then triggering an immune response

Which is NOT an action of interferon?

it signals the immune system that the secreting cell is part of the body and so should not be attacked

Regions of MALT called Peyer patches are found in the ______

small intestine

“Mad cow disease” (variant Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease) is caused by a _____

prion

Which actions leads to the closure of the right atrioventricular valve?

contraction of the right ventricle

Lymphatic capillaries ________

originate as closed-ended tubes associated with blood capillary networks

The plateau phase of an action potential ________

allows cardiac muscle cells to contract and then relax without locking up

Which of the following would cause a decrease in cardiac output?

an increase in afterload

Which of the following is NOT one of the three main factors influencing stroke volume?

chronotropic agents

Inflamed tissue feels warm due to ______

increase blood flow and increased metabolic activity

Which is NOT a function of the spleen?

filters lymph

Cytotoxic T-lymphocytes destroy infected cells by releasing ______

perforin and granzymes

The opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by _______

pressure changes of alternating contraction and relaxation during the cardiac cycle

Which is NOT correct regarding lymph nodes?

no exceptions; all are true of lymph nodes

What is the sequence of events in the transmission of an impulse through the heart muscle?

c, d, a, b, f, g, e

\
SA node > through the atria > AV node > AV bundle > bundle branches > purkinje fibers > through the ventricles

Which type of antibody is formed in response to parasitic infections and allergies, and has the effect of activating mast cells and basophils?

IgE

If someone had a cut in their skin through which a bacterium entered, but that bacterium was then destroyed by a neutrophil, this would be an example of _______.

failed external innate immunity, but successfully internal innate immunity

In an EKG, the P wave is generated when the ________

atria depolarize

A fever _____ reproduction of bacteria and ______ CAMs on the endothelium of capillaries of lymph nodes.

inhibits; increases

Large doses of certain stimulants can lead to dangerous increases in heart rates. Such a stimulant is a _______

positive chronotropic agent

The function of helper T-lymphocytes is to ________

initiate and oversee the immune response

As blood is pumped out of the heart and into the major arteries leaving the heart, it ________

pushes against the semilunar valves and opens them

Which fluid does lymph most closely resemble?

extracellular (i.e. interstitial fluid)