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Up to Unit 4 Lesson 4 w/ some skipped from Unit 2 and 3
Reference maps (1.1)
Map that refers to general information about places
Political map (1.1)
Reference map; shows + labels man-made boundaries (i.e. states, substates, etc.)
Physical map (1.1)
Reference map; shows + labels natural features (i.e. mountains, rivers, etc.)
Thematic maps (1.1)
Map that shows spatial aspects of information
Chloropleth map (1.1)
Thematic map; uses colors and shades to show distribution of spatial data (darker the color, higher the statistical value)
Dot density map (1.1)
Thematic map; uses dots to show the specific location/distribution of a phenomenon across the territory of the map (1 dot = specified quantity)
Isoline map (1.1)
Thematic map; uses lines to depict variations in data (when lines are close together, change is rapid)
Graduated symbol map (1.1)
Thematic map; uses different sizes of symbols to show different amounts of a phenomenon
Cartogram map (1.1)
Thematic map; adjusts sizes of countries to show a specific statistic
Absolute location (1.1)
The precise spot where something is according to some system (most often latitude and longitude and addresses)
Absolute distance (1.1)
A specific distance from one location to another
Absolute direction (1.1)
A direction that is the same no matter your current orientation or position
Equator (1.1)
0° latitude
Prime meridian (1.1)
0° longitude + runs through Greenwich, England
International date line (1.1)
180° longitude
Relative location (1.1)
Where something is located in relation to other things (can change over time as accessibility changes)
Relative distance (1.1)
Madison, WI is about 1 hour and 30 minutes from Milwaukee, WI
Relative direction (1.1)
Orlando, Florida is located north of Miami and south of Jacksonville
Scale (1.1)
The ratio between the size of things IRL and the size of those same things on a map (smaller the scale, larger amount of area covered)
Clustered (1.1)
Grouping of a phenomenon
Dispersed (1.1)
Scattering of a phenomenon
Elevation (1.1)
The altitude of a place above sea level or ground
Map projection (1.1)
The process of taking a 3D object (the Earth) and making it 2D (a map); distorts spatial relationships in shape, area, distance, and direction
SADD (1.1)
Shape
Area
Distance
Direction
Mercator projection (1.1)
Used for navigation; accurate directions + latitude and longitude lines meet at right angles; landmasses near poles appear big
Peters projection (1.1)
Used for area-related spatial distributions; accurate landmass sizes; shapes are inaccurate
Sinusoidal projections (1.1)
Accurate representation of continent sizes, but have to be cut up in order to keep shapes accurate
Goode-Homolosine projection (1.1)
Sinusoidal projection; used for spatial distribution; area + shape are preserved; interrupts the oceans
Ecker's projection (1.1)
Sinusoidal projection; does not split the map, but not doing so distorts the land area shapes
Robinson projection (1.1)
Landmass + Ocean size is more accurate; Antarctica looks very large and Greenland looks flattened
Geographical Information Systems (GIS) (1.2)
A computer system displaying data using geocoding
Remote sensing (1.2)
Acquisition of data from satellites + aircrafts
Global Positioning Systems (GPS) (1.2)
Uses satellites to determine precise positions on Earth
Quanitative data (1.2)
Numerical data; often used with GIS
Qualitative data (1.2)
Descriptive data; usually acquired by means of interviews and visual observations
Fieldwork (1.3)
The act of someone physically visiting a location and recording firsthand info there
US Census (1.3)
US Government doing fieldwork; used for distributing funds to schools, first responders, and construction; used for personal, government, + business decision making; used for voting and democracy
Space (1.4)
Physical distance between two places on the Earth's surface
Distribution (1.4)
Arrangement of a feature in space
Density (1.4)
Frequency which something occurs in space
Concentration (1.4)
Extent of a feature spread over space (Clustered or dispersed)
Place (1.4)
A specific point on Earth distinguished by a particular characteristic
Location (1.4)
The position of anything on Earth's surface
Toponym (1.4)
Name given to a place on Earth
Site (1.4)
Physical characteristic of a place
Situation (1.4)
Location of a place relative to other places
Spatial interaction (1.4)
Contact, movement, and flow of things between location
Distance decay (1.4)
The decline of interactions between people as the distance increases
Time-Space Compression (1.4)
Set of processes that cause the relative distances between places to contract/grow closer
Globalization (1.4)
The interconnected nature of the world both socially and economically
Pattern (1.4)
Geometric arrangement of objects in space
Environmental determinism (1.5)
An early theory stating that landforms and climate are the most powerful sources shaping human behavior and the development of society (used to justify racism in the 18th century)
Possibilism (1.5)
A view that acknowledges the limitations set by the natural environment, but focuses on how human culture can modify their physical environment to better fit their needs
Levels of analysis (1.6)
Global
Regional
State/Country
Sub-state/Province
County
Census Tract
Map scale (1.6)
Total area being analyzed
Scale of analysis (1.6)
Level of detail used for analyzing data on the map
Regions (1.7)
areas on Earth defined by same characteristics (human or physical) or patterns of activity
Culture (1.7)
the body of customary beliefs, material traits, and social forms constituting the traditions of a group of people
Formal region (1.7)
United by 1+ traits; has a defined border (also called uniform or homogenous)
Functional region (1.7)
Defined by an activity occurring around the region; typically based around economics, travel, and/or communication (also called nodal due to being organized around a focal point/node)
Perceptual/vernacular region (1.7)
Informal boundaries; region boundaries vary widely based on a person's perspective on a certain location
Belt region (1.7)
Regions of our country sharing certain characteristics that can be climatic, economic, and/or cultural in nature (not legally defined)
Population distribution (2.1)
the pattern of where people live (clumped, random, or uniform)
Population density (2.1)
the amount of people who live in an area
Ecumene (2.1)
Inhabited land
Arithmetic density (2.1)
Total population divided by land area
Physiological density (2.1)
Total population divided by amount of arable (farmable) land
Agricultural density (2.1)
Amount of farmers in an area divided by amount of arable (farmable) land
Carrying capacity (2.1)
The population an area can support without significant environmental deterioration
Overpopulation (2.2)
More people than the area can support
Population pyramid (2.3)
A tool used to study population in different countries; shows age-sex composition graph
Crude Birth Rate (CBR) (2.4)
the number of births per 1,000 individuals in a country per year
Crude Death Rate (CDR) (2.4)
the number of deaths per 1,000 individuals in a country per year
Total Fertility Rate (TFR) (2.4)
The average number of children a woman in a country will have throughout her childbearing years
Cultural relativism (3.1)
the practice of judging a culture by its own standards
Ethnocentrism (3.1)
Judging other cultures based on your own beliefs; believing that your culture is superior
Cultural landscape (3.2)
the visible imprint of human activity and culture on the landscape
Sequent occupancy (3.2)
the succession of groups and cultural influences throughout a place's history
Lingua franca (3.3)
a language that is adopted as a common language between speakers whose native languages are different; often used in business and trade
Relocation diffusion (3.4)
the spread of an idea through physical movement of people from one place to another
Expansion diffusion (3.4)
the spread of a feature from one place to another in an additive process
Stimulus diffusion (3.4)
Expansion diffusion; a feature or trend catches on, but is adapted to the culture's needs
Hierarchal diffusion (3.4)
Expansion diffusion; the spread of a feature or trend from one key person or node of authority or power to other persons or places (like celebrities)
Contagious diffusion (3.4)
the rapid, widespread spread of a trend throughout the population (i.e. viruses)
State (4.1)
a political unit with a permanent population and boundaries recognized by other states (basically just countries)
Nation (4.1)
a group of people united by common descent, culture, history, etc.
Nation-state (4.1)
A state with a singular nation (homogenous)
Stateless nation (4.1)
A nation that does not have a state
Multinational state (4.1)
A state with 2+ nations
Multistate nation (4.1)
A nation that stretches across borders and states
Autonomous region (4.1)
An area that governs itself but is not an independent state
Semi-autonomous region (4.1)
An area which can govern itself in certain areas, but does not have complete power to govern
Sovereignty (4.2)
A state's authority to control and govern itself
Self-Determination (4.2)
the right of people to govern themselves
Devolution (4.2)
power is shifted from a higher (usually federal) to a lower (usually regional) level of government
The Berlin Conference of 1884 (4.2)
European powers gathered to divide up the continent of Africa and establish borders.
Territoriality (4.3)
The control or influence over a specific geographical space
Political power (4.3)
Control over people, land, and resources
Neocolonialism (4.3)
The use of economic, political, cultural or other pressures in order to control or influence other countries
Shatterbelt regions (4.3)
Instability within a region that is geographically located between states with overlapping territoriality and political power
Note 
Flashcard (35)