Studied by 28 people
Wilhelm Wundt
“Father of Psychology” - founded the first Psychology lab and differentiated it from philosophy
Edward Titchener
Student of Wundt; coined structuralism
Structuralism
Studying mind by looking at what is made of - Structure
Introspection
Asking person to observe themselves perceive & think
Functionalism
studies what mind does - function
Evolutionary Approach
looking at things through evolution
Psychodynamic Approach
traditional psychology - developed by Sigmund Freud (psychoanalytic Theory)
Limit: isn’t scientific, attempts to study a hidden thing
Behavioralism Approach
Study reflexes and behaviors
created accidentally by Ivan Pavlov - rejection of psychodynamic
Classical Conditioning
a new trigger for a reflex
Limit: creativity &thoughts aren’t simple reflexes that can be trained
B.F. Skinner
developed Operant Conditioning
Operant Conditioning
every behavior has a consequence - reward & punishment
Limit: people are more complex than rewards & punishments
Selfless acts and love don’t fit in the approach
Cognitive Approach
focuses on thoughts - everthing about you is related to your thoughts
Limit: Can’t observe thoughts - requires people to observe and reflect on their own thoughts.
Biological Approach
The mind is what the body does
Chemical and electrical signals are sent throughout the body
Limit: to simple, doesn’t explain love or creativity
Humanistic Approach
focuses on how people are unique & special
attempts to look at people’s strength
Limit: not based in science - can’t observe untapped potential
Sociocultural Approach
how culture and society affects upbringing
Limit: leads to stereotypes and overgeneralization
Cross Sectional Study
compares different groups, data from 1 point time
doesn’t give history / full pic
Longitudinal Study
Follows 1 group over a long time
Data can’t be generalized
Placebo Effect
believe in placebo to the point where reaction becomes real
Random Sample
every person has same chance of being picked
Representative Sample
picking people that represent the larger population
data is more generalizable
Random Assignment
each participent has equal chance of being put in either placebo or experimental group
Confounding variables
other things that effect independent variable that isn’t independent variable
Participent/Subject Bias
Participants behave in a certain what to ensure research outcomes match the researcher or what they want.
Single-Blind Procedure
subjects aren’t aware if they are control or experimental group
Researcher Bias
researcher wants outcome to fit their hypothesis
Double-blind Procedure
Neither researcher or subject know if they are in control or experimental group
Hawthorne Effect
Subject acts different when they know they’re being observed
Descriptive Stats
organize/describe data
Inferential Stat
making predictions
Discrete Data
data that can be counted (# of people)
Nominal Scale
Data without order/structure (tall-short)
Ordinal Scale
count & order but not measure (strongly agree- Strongly disagree)
Continuous Data
Data that can be measures (shoes sizes)
Interval Scale
degrees of difference but not in between (1981-1982)
Ratio Scale
Process meaningful measurement with 0 value (weight, volume…)
Ethical Guideline
Informed Consent (participants must agree to participate)
Deception (If deception is used, it must not be done in a way that invalidates informed consent)
Deception debriefing (If deception was used, the researchers must explain the true purpose of the experiment after it has occurred)
Protection from harm or discomfort
Anonymity (information about the participant will be held a secret)
Coercion (participants cannot be coerced to give consent to be in any study)
Types of parenting
Authoriarian - gives limits
Authoritative - limits with connections
Permissive - lots of connections, no limits
Neglectful - doesn’t care
Epigenetic
environmental pressures can change behaviors of genes - not structure
Polygenic
behavior is caused by many different genes
Diathesis
many disorders might have as genetic predisposition with environmental triggers
Maturationism
related to development- children follow same pattern growing up, but the timeline depends on their enviornment
Plasticity
the brain changes and arranges itself on a cellular level in response to what’s going on in environment
Endocrine System
used for communication within body
General Adaptive Syndrome
Alarm, Reaction, Exhaustion
Hypothalamus
part of brain that sends messages to endocrine system
fear, hunger, anger, sexual desire
control pituitary gland
Pituitary gland
helps regulate other glands
Pineal Gland
involved in producing melatonin
Thyroid Gland
regulates metabolism
Adrenal Gland
produce adrenal to help w/ crisis
Pancreas
produces insulin
Overy
produces estrogen and progesterone
Testes
produces testosterone
Oxytoxin
Us vs them - connection & affection
Cortisol
stress hormone
Leptin
involved in turning off hunger
Ghrelin
turns on hunger
Nervous System
has Peripheral system & Central Nervous system
CNS
organize our movements; create thoughts; form emotions; produce behavior
PNS
bundle of nerves outside CNS; transmits info throughout body
Somatic System
sensory nerves (control voluntary movement)
Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)
involuntary axis (Breathing, heart rate)
Parasympathetic
to calm things down
Sympathetic
allows you to react with alertness to danger or stress
Glial cells
most abundent cells - protect & provide nutrients for nuerons
Dendrites
recieve chemicla info from adjacent nuerons
Soma
cell body - contains nucleus
Axon
long bundle of fibers that carries infor away from cell body
Nodes of Ranvier
gaps between myelin sheath; helps promote action potential
Axon Terminal
houses neurotransmitters
Synapse
spaces between axons terminal & adjacent dendrite
Neurotransmission
Neurons communicate with electrical signals from axons and chemical messages that are received by dendrites
Action Potential
The overall charge inside the neuron as the electrical message is fired
Agonist
Molecules that bind to receptor sites to stimulate a response
Antagonist
Molecules that bind to receptor sites to block a response
Hindbrain
located at the base of the brain, it controls basic life sustaining functions
Cerebellum
located behind the brain stem, controls fine motor skills and procedural memory
Brainstem
connected to the spinal cord, basic survival functions
Medulla
below the pons, part of the brain stem, controls survival functions
Pons
above the medulla, part of the brain stem, controls sleeping, waking, and dreams
Midbrain
above the hindbrain, deals with simple movement and sensory information
Reticular Formation
runs through the brain stem to the thalamus, control attentiveness
Basal Ganglia
in the midbrain and forebrain, controls smooth voluntary motor functions
Forebrain
processes information related to complex processes, controls voluntary functions
Thalamus
on top the brain stem, ends sensory information to the cerebral cortex
Limbic System
a set of structures that deal with emotions, memory, and stimulation
Hippocampus
surrounds the thalamus, a limbic system structure, deals with learning and explicit memories
Amygdala
at the bottom front end of the hippocampus, a limbic system structure, expresses emotions
Broca's Area
controls the ability to speak
Brain Lateralization
the tendency for certain functions to be more on one half of the brain
Wernicke's Area
the ability to comprehend language - listening and reading
Heritability
the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next
Transduction
process of converting outside stimuli into neural activity
Weber’s Law (difference threshold)
the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time
Absolute Threshold (Gustav Fechner
the lowest level of stimulation that a person can feel 50% of the time
Habitation
hearing it, but not paying attention (sensory receptors are still responding, but the brain isn’t sending signals)
Sensory Adaption
constant infor from receptors is ignored - become less responsive and don’t send signals
Cornea
Bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina
Aqueous Humor
clear liquid that nourishes the eye
Iris
muscles that control size of pupil, depending on amount of light in environment
Lens
changes shape to bring objects into focus
Note 
Flashcard (104)