AP Psych Vocab

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234 Terms

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Wilhelm Wundt

“Father of Psychology” - founded the first Psychology lab and differentiated it from philosophy

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Edward Titchener

Student of Wundt; coined structuralism

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Structuralism

Studying mind by looking at what is made of - Structure

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Introspection

Asking person to observe themselves perceive & think

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Functionalism

studies what mind does - function

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Evolutionary Approach

looking at things through evolution

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Psychodynamic Approach

  • traditional psychology - developed by Sigmund Freud (psychoanalytic Theory)

  • Limit: isn’t scientific, attempts to study a hidden thing

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Behavioralism Approach

  • Study reflexes and behaviors

  • created accidentally by Ivan Pavlov - rejection of psychodynamic

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Classical Conditioning

  • a new trigger for a reflex

  • Limit: creativity &thoughts aren’t simple reflexes that can be trained

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B.F. Skinner

developed Operant Conditioning

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Operant Conditioning

  • every behavior has a consequence - reward & punishment

  • Limit: people are more complex than rewards & punishments

  • Selfless acts and love don’t fit in the approach

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Cognitive Approach

  • focuses on thoughts - everthing about you is related to your thoughts

  • Limit: Can’t observe thoughts - requires people to observe and reflect on their own thoughts.

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Biological Approach

  • The mind is what the body does

  • Chemical and electrical signals are sent throughout the body

  • Limit: to simple, doesn’t explain love or creativity

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Humanistic Approach

  • focuses on how people are unique & special

  • attempts to look at people’s strength

  • Limit: not based in science - can’t observe untapped potential

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Sociocultural Approach

  • how culture and society affects upbringing

  • Limit: leads to stereotypes and overgeneralization

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Cross Sectional Study

compares different groups, data from 1 point time

  • doesn’t give history / full pic

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Longitudinal Study

Follows 1 group over a long time

  • Data can’t be generalized

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Placebo Effect

believe in placebo to the point where reaction becomes real

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Random Sample

every person has same chance of being picked

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Representative Sample

picking people that represent the larger population

  • data is more generalizable

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Random Assignment

each participent has equal chance of being put in either placebo or experimental group

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Confounding variables

other things that effect independent variable that isn’t independent variable

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Participent/Subject Bias

Participants behave in a certain what to ensure research outcomes match the researcher or what they want.

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Single-Blind Procedure

subjects aren’t aware if they are control or experimental group

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Researcher Bias

researcher wants outcome to fit their hypothesis

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Double-blind Procedure

Neither researcher or subject know if they are in control or experimental group

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Hawthorne Effect

Subject acts different when they know they’re being observed

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Descriptive Stats

organize/describe data

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Inferential Stat

making predictions

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Discrete Data

data that can be counted (# of people)

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Nominal Scale

Data without order/structure (tall-short)

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Ordinal Scale

count & order but not measure (strongly agree- Strongly disagree)

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Continuous Data

Data that can be measures (shoes sizes)

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Interval Scale

degrees of difference but not in between (1981-1982)

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Ratio Scale

Process meaningful measurement with 0 value (weight, volume…)

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Ethical Guideline

  • Informed Consent (participants must agree to participate)

  • Deception (If deception is used, it must not be done in a way that invalidates informed consent

  • Deception debriefing (If deception was used, the researchers must explain the true purpose of the experiment after it has occurred)

  • Protection from harm or discomfort

  • Anonymity (information about the participant will be held a secret)

  • Coercion (participants cannot be coerced to give consent to be in any study)

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Types of parenting

Authoriarian - gives limits

Authoritative - limits with connections

Permissive - lots of connections, no limits

Neglectful - doesn’t care

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Epigenetic

environmental pressures can change behaviors of genes - not structure

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Polygenic

behavior is caused by many different genes

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Diathesis

many disorders might have as genetic predisposition with environmental triggers

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Maturationism

related to development- children follow same pattern growing up, but the timeline depends on their enviornment

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Plasticity

the brain changes and arranges itself on a cellular level in response to what’s going on in environment

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Endocrine System

used for communication within body

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General Adaptive Syndrome

Alarm, Reaction, Exhaustion

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Hypothalamus

  • part of brain that sends messages to endocrine system

  • fear, hunger, anger, sexual desire

  • control pituitary gland

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Pituitary gland

helps regulate other glands

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Pineal Gland

involved in producing melatonin

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Thyroid Gland

regulates metabolism

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Adrenal Gland

produce adrenal to help w/ crisis

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Pancreas

produces insulin

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Overy

produces estrogen and progesterone

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Testes

produces testosterone

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Oxytoxin

Us vs them - connection & affection

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Cortisol

stress hormone

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Leptin

involved in turning off hunger

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Ghrelin

turns on hunger

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Nervous System

has Peripheral system & Central Nervous system

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CNS

organize our movements; create thoughts; form emotions; produce behavior

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PNS

bundle of nerves outside CNS; transmits info throughout body

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Somatic System

sensory nerves (control voluntary movement)

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Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)

involuntary axis (Breathing, heart rate)

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Parasympathetic

to calm things down

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Sympathetic

allows you to react with alertness to danger or stress

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Glial cells

most abundent cells - protect & provide nutrients for nuerons

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Dendrites

recieve chemicla info from adjacent nuerons

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Soma

cell body - contains nucleus

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Axon

long bundle of fibers that carries infor away from cell body

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Nodes of Ranvier

gaps between myelin sheath; helps promote action potential

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Axon Terminal

houses neurotransmitters

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Synapse

spaces between axons terminal & adjacent dendrite

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Neurotransmission

Neurons communicate with electrical signals from axons and chemical messages that are received by dendrites

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Action Potential

The overall charge inside the neuron as the electrical message is fired

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Agonist

Molecules that bind to receptor sites to stimulate a response

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Antagonist

Molecules that bind to receptor sites to block a response

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Hindbrain

located at the base of the brain, it controls basic life sustaining functions

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Cerebellum

located behind the brain stem, controls fine motor skills and procedural memory

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Brainstem

connected to the spinal cord, basic survival functions

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Medulla

below the pons, part of the brain stem, controls survival functions

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Pons

above the medulla, part of the brain stem, controls sleeping, waking, and dreams

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Midbrain

above the hindbrain, deals with simple movement and sensory information

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Reticular Formation

runs through the brain stem to the thalamus, control attentiveness

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Basal Ganglia

in the midbrain and forebrain, controls smooth voluntary motor functions

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Forebrain

processes information related to complex processes, controls voluntary functions

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Thalamus

on top the brain stem, ends sensory information to the cerebral cortex

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Limbic System

a set of structures that deal with emotions, memory, and stimulation

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Hippocampus

surrounds the thalamus, a limbic system structure, deals with learning and explicit memories

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Amygdala

at the bottom front end of the hippocampus, a limbic system structure, expresses emotions

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Broca's Area

controls the ability to speak

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Brain Lateralization

the tendency for certain functions to be more on one half of the brain

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Wernicke's Area

the ability to comprehend language - listening and reading

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Heritability

the ability of a trait to be passed down from one generation to the next

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Transduction

process of converting outside stimuli into neural activity

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Weber’s Law (difference threshold)

the smallest difference between 2 stimuli that is detectable 50% of the time

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Absolute Threshold (Gustav Fechner

the lowest level of stimulation that a person can feel 50% of the time

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Habitation

hearing it, but not paying attention (sensory receptors are still responding, but the brain isn’t sending signals)

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Sensory Adaption

constant infor from receptors is ignored - become less responsive and don’t send signals

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Cornea

Bends light waves so the image can be focused on the retina

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Aqueous Humor

clear liquid that nourishes the eye

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Iris

muscles that control size of pupil, depending on amount of light in environment

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Lens

changes shape to bring objects into focus