Canada:

The Americans tried to invade Canada from Detroit, Niagara, and Lake Champlain.  All were fought off by the Canadians.

The Americans then attacked by sea and were more successful.

Oliver Hazard Perry: captured a British fleet in Lake Erie.

General Harrison's army overtook the British at Detroit and Fort Malden in the Battle of the Thames in October 1813.

Thomas Macdonough: naval officer who forced the invading British army near Plattsburgh to retreat on September 11, 1814; he saved upper New York from British conquest.

Washington Attack:

In August of 1814, a second British force attacked Washington D.C. They burned most of the capital, including the White House and Capitol.

Francis Scott Key: American prisoner aboard a British ship who watched the British fleet bombard Fort McHenry; wrote the "Star Spangled Banner."

Andrew Jackson defended New Orleans at the Battle of New Orleans.

The Treaty of Ghent:

Tsar Alexander I of Russia called the Americans and British to come to peace because he didn't want his British ally to lose strength in the Americas and let Napoleon take over Europe.  The Treaty of Ghent, signed on December 24, 1814 in Ghent, Belgium, was an armistice.  John Quincy Adams and Henry Clay went to Ghent for the signing.  Both sides stopped fighting and conquered territory was restored.

Hartford Convention:

Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island met in 1814 in Hartford, Connecticut for a secret meeting to discuss their disgust of the war and to redress their grievances.  The Hartford Convention's final report demanded:

- Financial assistance from Washington to compensate for lost trade from embargoes.

- Constitutional amendments requiring a 2/3 vote in Congress before an embargo could be imposed, new states admitted, or war declared.

- The abolition of slavery.

- A President could only serve 1 term.

- The abolition of the 3/5 clause.

- The prohibition of the election of 2 successive Presidents from the same state.

Few took serious interest in the demands in the wake of the Ghent treaty. The Hartford resolutions marked the death of the Federalist party.  The party nominated their last presidential candidate in 1816.

The Aftermath of War:

The War of 1812 showed other nations around the world that America would defend its beliefs.

The Rush-Bagot Agreement was made between the U.S. and Britain in 1817, and it limited the naval armament on the Great Lakes.

Nationalism:

The most impressive by-product of the War of 1812 was heightened nationalism.

The army and navy were expanded and the Bank of the United States was revived by Congress in 1816.

The American System:

Congress instituted the 1st protective tariff, the Tariff of 1816, primarily for protection for American companies.  British companies were trying to put American factories out of business by selling their British goods for much less than the American factories.  The tariff placed a 20-25% tax on the value of dutiable imports.  This tax increased over time, creating problems of no competition between companies.

Henry Clay created a plan for developing a profitable U.S. economy.  It was called the American System.  It had 3 main parts:

1. A strong banking system that would provide easy and abundant credit.

2. A protective tariff that would allow eastern manufacturing to flourish.

3. A network of roads and canals that would transport raw materials across the country.

President Madison vetoed a bill to give states aid for infrastructure, deeming it unconstitutional. The Jeffersonian Democratic-Republicans were opposed to using federal money to support interstate improvements.

Era of Good Feelings:

The Federalists ran a presidential candidate for the last time in 1816.  James Monroe won the election.

The time during the administrations of President Monroe was known as the "Era of Good Feelings" because the 2 political parties were getting along.

The Panic of 1819:

The Panic of 1819 was the first financial panic since President Washington took office.  The main cause was over-speculation in frontier lands.

The Bank of the United States was hated by western farmers because it foreclosed on many farms.

Between 1791 and 1819, 9 states from the West had joined the United States.  People moved west because of cheap land, the construction of highways, and many Indian territories had been eliminated.

The Land Act of 1820 authorized a buyer to purchase 80 virgin acres at a minimum of $1.25 an acre.  The West also demanded cheap transportation and cheap money.

Slavery:

The House of Representatives passed the Tallmadge Amendment, making it more difficult for Missouri to become a state.  It did not allow for anymore slaves to be brought into Missouri and for the gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already in Missouri.  The amendment was defeated by the slave states in Congress.

Peculiar Institution: an expression used to describe slavery and its economic impacts in the South

Missouri Compromise:

Henry Clay introduced a compromise that decided whether or not Missouri would be admitted as a slave state.  Congress decided to admit Missouri as a slave state in 1820. But, Maine, which was apart of Massachusetts, was to be admitted as a separate, free state.  Therefore, there were 12 slave states and 12 free states.

The Missouri Compromise by Congress forbade slavery in the remaining territories in the Louisiana Territory north of the line of 36° 30', except for Missouri.

James Monroe was re-elected President in 1820.

John Marshall:

McCulloch vs. Maryland (1819) involved an attempt by Maryland to destroy a branch of the Bank of the United States by imposing a tax on the Bank's notes.  John Marshall declared the U.S. Bank constitutional by invoking the Hamiltonian doctrine of implied powers.  He strengthened federal authority when he denied the right of Maryland to tax the Bank.

Cohens vs. Virginia (1821) involved the Cohens appealing to the Supreme Court after being found guilty of illegally selling lottery tickets in Virginia.  Virginia won and the conviction was withheld, but the ruling further cemented the powers of the federal government.

Gibbons vs. Ogden (1824) came up when New York tried to give a private company a monopoly of waterborne commerce between New York and New Jersey.  (Meaning that no other company could use the waterway.)  New York lost.

Fletcher vs. Peck (1810): The Georgia legislature granted 35 million acres to private speculators; the next legislature cancelled the bribery-induced transaction.  John Marshall let the state give the acres to the private speculators calling it a contract and constitutional. The decision protected property rights against popular pressures.

Dartmouth College vs. Woodward (1819): Dartmouth College was given a charter by King George III but New Hampshire wanted to take it away.  John Marshall ruled in favor of the college.

Daniel Webster: "Expounding Father"; served in both the House and Senate.

Sharing Oregon and Acquiring Florida:

John Quincy Adams: Secretary of State to James Monroe.

The Angle-American Convention of 1818 allowed the Americans to share the Newfoundland fisheries with the Canadians and provided for a 10-year joint occupation of the Oregon Country without a surrender of the rights/claims of either America or Britain.

With the many revolutions taking place in South America, Spain was forced to take many of its troops out of Florida.  General Andrew Jackson went into Florida saying he would punish the Indians and recapture the runaways who were hiding away in Spanish Florida.  He did this and captured St. Marks and Pensacola, the 2 most important Spanish posts in the area.

In the Florida Purchase Treaty of 1819, Spain ceded Florida and Spanish claims to Oregon in exchange for America's claims to Texas.

The Menace of Monarchy in America

After Napoleon's defeat in 1815, the Europeans wanted to completely eliminate democracy.

George Canning: British foreign secretary; asked the American minister in London if the United States would band together with the British in a joint declaration renouncing any interest in acquiring Latin American territory, and specifically warning the European dictators to keep out of Latin America.

Monroe Doctrine:

Secretary Adams thought the British feared that the Americans would take Spanish territory in the Americas, ultimately threatening Britain's possessions in the Caribbean.

Monroe Doctrine (1823): President Monroe's warning to the European powers; its two components were noncolonization and nonintervention; it had little immediate impact.

- Monroe stated that the era of colonization in the Americas was over.

- Monroe also warned against foreign intervention.  He warned Britain to stay out of the Western Hemisphere, and stated that the United States would not intervene in foreign wars.

The Europeans powers were offended by the Monroe Doctrine. This was in part because of America's soft military strength.

President Monroe was more concerned with the security of America when he issued the Monroe Doctrine.  He basically warned the Old World powers to stay away.  The Doctrine thrived off nationalism.

Russo-American Treaty of 1824: the Russians retreated farther north into Alaska