Chapter 4: States of Consciousness

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104 Terms

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Wakefulness
________: as state characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.
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Parasomnia
________: one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and /or experiences during sleep play a role.
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Meditative techniques
________ have their roots in religious practices, but their use has expanded to alternative medicine.
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Opioid
________: one category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.
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Hallucinogens
________ are varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect.
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Depressant
________: a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
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Opioids
________ have analgesic properties (they decrease pain)
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus
________ (SCN): the area of the hypothalamus the brains clock mechanism is located in.
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adaptive response
Our sleep patterns evolved as a(n) ________ to predatory risks, which increases in the dark.
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Jet lag
________: a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.
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Restless
________ leg syndrome: uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.
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Stimulants
________: drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity.
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Sleep spindle
________: a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory.
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Humans
________ have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system- the body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria.
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transitional phase
Stage 1 sleep: a(n) ________ that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.
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Hypnosis
________: a state of extreme self- focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.
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K complex
________: a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may occur in response to environmental stimuli.
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Melatonin
________: involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system.
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Alcohol
________: in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants.
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Parasomnias
________ can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep.
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complex behaviors
Sleepwalking: the sleeper engages in relatively ________ ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile.
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Tolerance
________: linked to physiological dependence, and occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.
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Sleep
________: a state characterized by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness.
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Narcolepsy
________: when an individual cant resist falling asleep at inopportune times.
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Consciousness
________: our awareness of internal and external stimuli.
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Hallucinogen
________: one of class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
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Freud
________ differentiated between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams.
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FSH
Sleep involves the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (________), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone.
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shift
Rotating ________ work: a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.
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Night terrors
________: a sense of panic thats often followed by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment.
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Narcoleptic episodes
________ are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress.
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Meditation
________: the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.
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SCN
The axons of light- sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the ________ based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world.
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
________ (SIDS): an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies.
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Rosalind Cartwright
________ believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.
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Insomnia
________: a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep.
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pineal gland
The ________ releases melatonin during sleep.
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Cognitive behavioral therapy
________: a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.
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Chronic insomnia
________ is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression.
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Brain waves
________ during REM sleep are very similar to ________ during wakefulness.
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Carl Jung
________ believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious.
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Awareness
________ of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions.
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Growth hormones
________: important for in physical growth, maturation, and other metabolic processes.
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Low doses
________: feelings of euphoria.
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Dopamine activity
________ is often associated with reward and craving, so drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability.
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eye movement
Rapid ________ (REM) sleep: darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids.
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Alcohol
________ is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.
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FSH
________ and LH: important in regulating the reproductive system.
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Night terrors
________ occur during the NREM phase of sleep.
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Hypnosis
________ may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, but such enhancements are very modest in nature.
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Consciousness
our awareness of internal and external stimuli
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Sleep
a state characterized by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
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Wakefulness
as state characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
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Biological rhythms
internal rhythms of biological activity (ie menstruation)
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Circadian rhythm
a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours (ie the sleep-wake cycle)
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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
the area of the hypothalamus the brains clock mechanism is located in
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Jet lag
a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
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Rotating shift work
a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
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Sleep debt
when an individual does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis
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Sleep rebound
when a sleep-deprived individual tends to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep
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Sleep involves the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including
melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone
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Melatonin
involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system
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FSH and LH
important in regulating the reproductive system
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Growth hormones
important for in physical growth, maturation, and other metabolic processes
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Sleep is divided into two phases
REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep
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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
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non-REM (NREM)sleep
subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by patterns of brain waves
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Stage 1 sleep
a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep
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Stage 2 sleep
the body goes into a state of deep relaxation
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Sleep spindle
a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory
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K-complex
a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
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Stage 3 and 4 sleep
deep sleep or slow-wave sleep
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REM rebound
when people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they spend more time in REM sleep to make up for lost time
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Manifest content
the actual content, or storyline, of a dream
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Latent content
the hidden meaning of a dream
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Collective unconscious
a theoretical repository of information Jung believed to be shared by everyone
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Lucid dreams
dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state
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Insomnia
a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep
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Cognitive-behavioral therapy
a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors
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Parasomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role
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Sleepwalking
the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile
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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur
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Restless leg syndrome
uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
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Night terrors
a sense of panic thats often followed by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment
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Sleep Apnea
episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops
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There are two types of sleep apnea
obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea
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Obstructive sleep apnea
occurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs
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Central sleep apnea
disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing
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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
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Narcolepsy
when an individual cant resist falling asleep at inopportune times
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Physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions-the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use
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Psychological dependence
an individual has an emotional need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress
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Tolerance
linked to physiological dependence, and occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses
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Alcohol
in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants
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Low doses
feelings of euphoria
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High doses
feeling sedated
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Depressant
a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
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Stimulants
drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity
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Examples
cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones, MDMA, nicotine, and caffeine
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Opioid
one category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine