Chapter 4: States of Consciousness

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104 Terms

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Wakefulness

: as state characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.

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Parasomnia

: one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and /or experiences during sleep play a role.

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Meditative techniques

have their roots in religious practices, but their use has expanded to alternative medicine.

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Opioid

: one category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.

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Hallucinogens

are varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect.

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Depressant

: a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.

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Opioids

have analgesic properties (they decrease pain)

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus

(SCN): the area of the hypothalamus the brains clock mechanism is located in.

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adaptive response

Our sleep patterns evolved as a(n) to predatory risks, which increases in the dark.

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Jet lag

: a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.

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Restless

leg syndrome: uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.

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Stimulants

: drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity.

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Sleep spindle

: a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory.

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Humans

have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system- the body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria.

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transitional phase

Stage 1 sleep: a(n) that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.

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Hypnosis

: a state of extreme self- focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.

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K complex

: a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may occur in response to environmental stimuli.

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Melatonin

: involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system.

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Alcohol

: in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants.

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Parasomnias

can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep.

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complex behaviors

Sleepwalking: the sleeper engages in relatively ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile.

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Tolerance

: linked to physiological dependence, and occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.

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Sleep

: a state characterized by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness.

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Narcolepsy

: when an individual cant resist falling asleep at inopportune times.

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Consciousness

: our awareness of internal and external stimuli.

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Hallucinogen

: one of class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.

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Freud

differentiated between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams.

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FSH

Sleep involves the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone.

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shift

Rotating work: a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.

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Night terrors

: a sense of panic thats often followed by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment.

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Narcoleptic episodes

are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress.

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Meditation

: the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.

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SCN

The axons of light- sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world.

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome

(SIDS): an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies.

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Rosalind Cartwright

believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.

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Insomnia

: a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep.

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pineal gland

The releases melatonin during sleep.

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Cognitive behavioral therapy

: a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.

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Chronic insomnia

is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression.

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Brain waves

during REM sleep are very similar to during wakefulness.

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Carl Jung

believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious.

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Awareness

of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions.

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Growth hormones

: important for in physical growth, maturation, and other metabolic processes.

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Low doses

: feelings of euphoria.

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Dopamine activity

is often associated with reward and craving, so drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability.

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eye movement

Rapid (REM) sleep: darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids.

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Alcohol

is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.

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FSH

and LH: important in regulating the reproductive system.

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Night terrors

occur during the NREM phase of sleep.

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Hypnosis

may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, but such enhancements are very modest in nature.

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Consciousness

our awareness of internal and external stimuli

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Sleep

a state characterized by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness

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Wakefulness

as state characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior

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Biological rhythms

internal rhythms of biological activity (ie menstruation)

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Circadian rhythm

a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours (ie the sleep-wake cycle)

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Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)

the area of the hypothalamus the brains clock mechanism is located in

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Jet lag

a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment

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Rotating shift work

a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis

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Sleep debt

when an individual does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis

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Sleep rebound

when a sleep-deprived individual tends to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep

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Sleep involves the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including

melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone

62
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Melatonin

involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system

63
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FSH and LH

important in regulating the reproductive system

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Growth hormones

important for in physical growth, maturation, and other metabolic processes

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Sleep is divided into two phases

REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep

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Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep

darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids

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non-REM (NREM)sleep

subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by patterns of brain waves

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Stage 1 sleep

a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep

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Stage 2 sleep

the body goes into a state of deep relaxation

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Sleep spindle

a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory

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K-complex

a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may occur in response to environmental stimuli

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Stage 3 and 4 sleep

deep sleep or slow-wave sleep

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REM rebound

when people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they spend more time in REM sleep to make up for lost time

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Manifest content

the actual content, or storyline, of a dream

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Latent content

the hidden meaning of a dream

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Collective unconscious

a theoretical repository of information Jung believed to be shared by everyone

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Lucid dreams

dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state

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Insomnia

a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep

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Cognitive-behavioral therapy

a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors

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Parasomnia

one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role

81
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Sleepwalking

the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile

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REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)

occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur

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Restless leg syndrome

uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep

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Night terrors

a sense of panic thats often followed by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment

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Sleep Apnea

episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops

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There are two types of sleep apnea

obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea

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Obstructive sleep apnea

occurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs

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Central sleep apnea

disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing

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Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)

an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies

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Narcolepsy

when an individual cant resist falling asleep at inopportune times

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Physical dependence

changes in normal bodily functions-the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use

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Psychological dependence

an individual has an emotional need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress

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Tolerance

linked to physiological dependence, and occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses

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Alcohol

in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants

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Low doses

feelings of euphoria

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High doses

feeling sedated

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Depressant

a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity

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Stimulants

drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity

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Examples

cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones, MDMA, nicotine, and caffeine

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Opioid

one category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine