Studied by 6 peopleWakefulness
________: as state characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior.
Parasomnia
________: one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and /or experiences during sleep play a role.
Meditative techniques
________ have their roots in religious practices, but their use has expanded to alternative medicine.
Opioid
________: one category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine.
Hallucinogens
________ are varied in terms of the neurotransmitter systems they affect.
Depressant
________: a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity.
Opioids
________ have analgesic properties (they decrease pain)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus
________ (SCN): the area of the hypothalamus the brains clock mechanism is located in.
adaptive response
Our sleep patterns evolved as a(n) ________ to predatory risks, which increases in the dark.
Jet lag
________: a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment.
Restless
________ leg syndrome: uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep.
Stimulants
________: drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity.
Sleep spindle
________: a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory.
Humans
________ have an endogenous opioid neurotransmitter system- the body makes small quantities of opioid compounds that bind to opioid receptors reducing pain and producing euphoria.
transitional phase
Stage 1 sleep: a(n) ________ that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep.
Hypnosis
________: a state of extreme self- focus and attention in which minimal attention is given to external stimuli.
K complex
________: a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may occur in response to environmental stimuli.
Melatonin
________: involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system.
Alcohol
________: in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants.
Parasomnias
________ can occur in either REM or NREM phases of sleep.
complex behaviors
Sleepwalking: the sleeper engages in relatively ________ ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile.
Tolerance
________: linked to physiological dependence, and occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses.
Sleep
________: a state characterized by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness.
Narcolepsy
________: when an individual cant resist falling asleep at inopportune times.
Consciousness
________: our awareness of internal and external stimuli.
Hallucinogen
________: one of class of drugs that results in profound alterations in sensory and perceptual experiences.
Freud
________ differentiated between the manifest content and the latent content of dreams.
FSH
Sleep involves the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including: melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (________), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone.
shift
Rotating ________ work: a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis.
Night terrors
________: a sense of panic thats often followed by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment.
Narcoleptic episodes
________ are often triggered by states of heightened arousal or stress.
Meditation
________: the act of focusing on a single target to increase awareness of the moment.
SCN
The axons of light- sensitive neurons in the retina provide information to the ________ based on the amount of light present, allowing this internal clock to be synchronized with the outside world.
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome
________ (SIDS): an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies.
Rosalind Cartwright
________ believes that dreams simply reflect life events that are important to the dreamer.
Insomnia
________: a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep.
pineal gland
The ________ releases melatonin during sleep.
Cognitive behavioral therapy
________: a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors.
Chronic insomnia
________ is almost always associated with feeling overtired and may be associated with symptoms of depression.
Brain waves
________ during REM sleep are very similar to ________ during wakefulness.
Carl Jung
________ believed that dreams allowed us to tap into the collective unconscious.
Awareness
________ of internal stimuli includes feeling pain, hunger, thirst, sleepiness, and being aware of our thoughts and emotions.
Growth hormones
________: important for in physical growth, maturation, and other metabolic processes.
Low doses
________: feelings of euphoria.
Dopamine activity
________ is often associated with reward and craving, so drugs that affect dopamine neurotransmission often have abuse liability.
eye movement
Rapid ________ (REM) sleep: darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids.
Alcohol
________ is associated with decreases in reaction time and visual acuity, lowered levels of alertness, and reduction in behavioral control.
FSH
________ and LH: important in regulating the reproductive system.
Night terrors
________ occur during the NREM phase of sleep.
Hypnosis
________ may be useful in enhancing memory or a skill, but such enhancements are very modest in nature.
Consciousness
our awareness of internal and external stimuli
Sleep
a state characterized by relatively low levels of physical activity and reduced sensory awareness
Wakefulness
as state characterized by high levels of sensory awareness, thought, and behavior
Biological rhythms
internal rhythms of biological activity (ie menstruation)
Circadian rhythm
a biological rhythm that takes place over a period of about 24 hours (ie the sleep-wake cycle)
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)
the area of the hypothalamus the brains clock mechanism is located in
Jet lag
a collection of symptoms that results from the mismatch between our internal circadian cycles and our environment
Rotating shift work
a work schedule that changes from early to late on a daily or weekly basis
Sleep debt
when an individual does not get sufficient sleep on a chronic basis
Sleep rebound
when a sleep-deprived individual tends to take a shorter time to fall asleep during subsequent opportunities for sleep
Sleep involves the secretion and regulation of a number of hormones from several endocrine glands including
melatonin, follicle stimulating hormone (FSH), luteinizing hormone (LH), and growth hormone
Melatonin
involved in the regulation of various biological rhythms and the immune system
FSH and LH
important in regulating the reproductive system
Growth hormones
important for in physical growth, maturation, and other metabolic processes
Sleep is divided into two phases
REM sleep and non-REM (NREM) sleep
Rapid eye movement (REM) sleep
darting movements of the eyes under closed eyelids
non-REM (NREM)sleep
subdivided into four stages distinguished from each other and from wakefulness by patterns of brain waves
Stage 1 sleep
a transitional phase that occurs between wakefulness and sleep, the period during which we drift off to sleep
Stage 2 sleep
the body goes into a state of deep relaxation
Sleep spindle
a rapid burst of higher frequency brain waves that may be important for learning and memory
K-complex
a very high amplitude pattern of brain activity that may occur in response to environmental stimuli
Stage 3 and 4 sleep
deep sleep or slow-wave sleep
REM rebound
when people are deprived of REM sleep and then allowed to sleep without disturbance, they spend more time in REM sleep to make up for lost time
Manifest content
the actual content, or storyline, of a dream
Latent content
the hidden meaning of a dream
Collective unconscious
a theoretical repository of information Jung believed to be shared by everyone
Lucid dreams
dreams in which certain aspects of wakefulness are maintained during a dream state
Insomnia
a consistent difficulty in falling or staying asleep
Cognitive-behavioral therapy
a type of psychotherapy that focuses on cognitive processes and problem behaviors
Parasomnia
one of a group of sleep disorders in which unwanted, disruptive motor activity and/or experiences during sleep play a role
Sleepwalking
the sleeper engages in relatively complex behaviors ranging from wandering about to driving an automobile
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
occurs when the muscle paralysis associated with the REM sleep phase does not occur
Restless leg syndrome
uncomfortable sensations in the legs during periods of inactivity or when trying to fall asleep
Night terrors
a sense of panic thats often followed by screams and attempts to escape from the immediate environment
Sleep Apnea
episodes during which a sleepers breathing stops
There are two types of sleep apnea
obstructive sleep apnea and central sleep apnea
Obstructive sleep apnea
occurs when an individuals airway becomes blocked during sleep, and air is prevented from entering the lungs
Central sleep apnea
disruption in signals sent from the brain that regulate breathing cause periods of interrupted breathing
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS)
an infant stops breathing during sleep and dies
Narcolepsy
when an individual cant resist falling asleep at inopportune times
Physical dependence
changes in normal bodily functions-the user will experience withdrawal from the drug upon cessation of use
Psychological dependence
an individual has an emotional need for the drug and may use the drug to relieve psychological distress
Tolerance
linked to physiological dependence, and occurs when a person requires more and more drug to achieve effects previously experienced at lower doses
Alcohol
in a class of psychoactive drugs known as depressants
Low doses
feelings of euphoria
High doses
feeling sedated
Depressant
a drug that tends to suppress central nervous system activity
Stimulants
drugs that tend to increase overall levels of neural activity
Examples
cocaine, amphetamines, cathinones, MDMA, nicotine, and caffeine
Opioid
one category of drugs that includes heroin, morphine, methadone, and codeine
Note 
Flashcard (116)