Ap Psych Unit 3: Sensation and Perception

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129 Terms

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Sensation

Detecting stimuli and encoding neural signals. (Feeling/sensing something).

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Transduction

Stimuli/energy must be converted into natural messages so the brain can understand it.

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Perception

Organizing/processing sensations and thinking about/understanding it.

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Bottom-Up Processing

Sensory info to the brain to begin processing.

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Top-Down Processing

Preconcieved notions in the brain begin prosessing.

  • Flinching

  • Stereotypes

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Selective Attenion

At any one time we focus consious awareness on select stimuli, generally at the expense of other stimuli.

  • We still detect other stimuli

  • Driving

  • Studying

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Threshold

The point where we know it’s a stimuli.

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Absolute Threshold

Minimum amount of stimuli needed for detection about 50% of the time.

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Signal Detection Theory

Detection depends on the individual as well as the stimulus.

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Subliminal Messaging

More towards the unconscious. Subliminal means below threshold.

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Difference/Just Noticeable/Differential Threshold

When you’re able to notice a difference.

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Webber’s Law

There’s gonna be a proportion. The difference in a ratio.

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Sensory Adaptation

We will stop noticing something that’s constant.

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Sensory Restriction Meaning #1

When one sense is gone, others will improve.

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Sensory Restriction Meaning #2

The mind is set free when the senses are removed.

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Light Energy

Light/color are pulses of electromagnetic energy/waves.

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Wave Length

Determines the hue-color experienced.

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Amplitude

Height of wave.

  • high amplitude=more energy=brighter colors

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Cornea

Outer covering, protection for the eyeball.

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Pupil

Opening (black part) of eyeball. Lets light in.

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Iris

Colored muscle, pretty part, blocks light.

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Lens

Focuses light rays into the retina.

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Accomidation

Curvature changes to focus better.

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Visual Acuity

Sharpness of vision.

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Nearsighted

Light from far away objects hits in front of retina.

  • See close objects clearly

  • Eyeball may be too long

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Farsighted

Light from nearby objects focused behind retina.

  • See far away objects clearly

  • Eyeball may be too short

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Retina

Lines the back of the eyeball, flips stuff like a mirror, is a reciever.

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Receptor Cells

Rods and cones.

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Rods

Outline of object, black and white, shading, peripheral vision.

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Cones

Color, details, requires plenty of light.

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Bipolar Cells

Organize what you see.

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Ganglion Cells

Transfer what you see.

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Optic Nerve

Axons of ganglion cells.

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Blindspot

Where the optic nerve leaves the eye, the opening. Your brain fills it in for you.

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Fovea

Area of central focus.

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Feature Detectors

Turns everything the eyeball is taking in into an image.

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Parallel Processing

Our brain can do multiple things at once.

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Color Vision

Colors get reflected. You absorb every color EXCEPT the one you’re seeing.

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Young-Helmholtz Trichromatic Theory

Retina has 3 types of color receptors that combine.

  • Red, green, and blue

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Opponent Process Theory

Thalamus cells responsible for seeing one of 2 colors.

  • Black or white

  • Green or red

  • Blue or yellow

  • You can only see one at a time

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After Images

See the “opponent” color after looking at a color long enough.

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Soundwaves

Molecules of air bumping into eachother.

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Amplitude

Loudness.

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Decibels

Measure of sound energy.

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Frequency/Wavelength

Pitch.

  • Long waves=low frequency/pitch

    • Short waves=high frequency/pitch

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Outer Ear

What you can see on the outside.

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Auditory Canal

Passageway into the ear.

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Eardrum/Tympanic Membrane

Membrane that vibrates to transmit sounds from outer to middle ear.

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Middle Ear

Transmits sound from eardrum to inner ear.

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Piston/Ossicles

3 delicate bones.

  • Hammer, anvil, and stirrup

  • They vibrate each other

  • I HAS a piston

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Inner Ear

Cochlea, oval window, basilar membrane, hair cells, and auditory nerve.

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Cochlea

Snail shaped tube filled with fluid that vibrates.

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Oval Window

Cochlea’s membrane attached to the stirrup.

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Basilar Membrane

Runs through middle of cochlea.

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Hair Cells

Line basilar membrane and bend to transfer sound.

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Auditory Nerve

Carries info from cochlea into the brain.

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Place Theory

WHERE it vibrates determines the pitch.

  • Like a piano

  • Works for medium to high pitches

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Frequency Theory

Basilar membrane determines the pitch.

  • Like a guitar

  • Works for low to medium pitches

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Volley Principle

Cells alternate with place AND speed to determine the pitch.

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Locating Sound

Hits one ear first.

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Sound Shadow

Sound bounces off walls first.

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Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

0.000027 seconds.

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Conduction Deafness

Cannot gets sounds into cochlea.

  • Hearing aids help

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Sensorineural/Nerve Deafness

Damage to cochlea/hair cells.

  • Caused by age, and exposure to loud sounds

  • Hearing aids barely help

  • Hair cells won’t bend

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Pressure, warmth, cold, and pain.

4 skin senses

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Pain

The bodies way of telling you something’s wrong

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Phantom Limb Sensations

7 in 10 amputees feel pain in their missing limb.

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Gate-Control Theory

The spinal cord contains a gate to allow/block pain signals.

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Small Fibers

Open the gate and transmit pain.

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Large Fibers

Close the gate, transmit other sensations, and block pain.

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Sweet, sour, bitter, salty, and umami

5 tastes

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Tastebuds

  • 200

  • Pores

  • They reproduce

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Age, alcohol, and tobacco

Causes of taste bud reduction

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Flavor

Combination of taste and smell.

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Olfaction

Experiencing smell.

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Smell

  • Least sensitive

  • Chemical sense

  • Declines with age

  • Tied with memory

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Kinesthesis

Body position and movement (knowing where your body is).

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Vestibular Sense/Equilibrium

Position and balance of body.

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Semicircular Canal

Filled with fluid to act like a level for balance.

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Fluid in the semicircular canal is shaken up.

What causes dizziness?

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Illusions

Show how you organize and interpret sensations.

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Visual Capture

Vision tends to dominate the other senses.

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Gestalt

Seeing things as a whole.

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Figure and Ground

The brain creates a distinction between an object and its background.

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Gestalt Rules of Grouping

People/brains like to organize figures.

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Proximity

Desks in rows.

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Similarity

Same jerseys.

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Continuity

Concessions.

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Closure

Dashed lines on the road.

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Connectedness

GES and GHS.

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Depth Perception

Transforms 2D images into 3D knowledge.

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Binocular Cues

BOTH eyes helping us determine depth.

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Retinal Disparity

Different images on each retina create depth in the brain.

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Convergence

How much our eyes turn inward alerts the brain to depth.

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Monocular Cues

Some depth is done with just one eye.

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Relative Size

2 similar objects, one having a larger image on the retina means it’s closer.

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Interposition

A blocked view means the thing blocking is closer.

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Relative Clarity

The more clear something is, the closer it is.

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Texture Gradient

The more distinct an image is, the closer we perceive it as.

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Relative Height

Higher up objects are perceived as farther away.