process by which individuals acquire political beliefs and attitudes
New cards
2
opinions/attitudes ideologies partisanship
how does socialization occur?
New cards
3
media, political opinions/beliefs, religious institutions, school/education, and family
what are examples of agents of socialization
New cards
4
certain religions, races, genders, income, education, geographic regions
who usually gets socialized?
New cards
5
partisanship
party affiliation can act a similar fashion to guide peoples opinions
New cards
6
ideologies
greatly influence peoples opinions on particular issues
New cards
7
states
who determines voting rules and regulations?
New cards
8
post civil war south
when did a majority of voting restrictions occur?
New cards
9
poll tax
a tax that had to be paid before a person was allowed to vote
New cards
10
literacy test
test for african americans to prevent them from voting
New cards
11
Grandfather clause
allowed poor, illiterate white men to get around the literacy and understanding test, had to have a grandfather who was eligible to vote before the civil war
New cards
12
white primary only
restricted voting in democratic primaries to white voters only
New cards
13
24th amendment
eliminated poll tax
New cards
14
voting rights act of 1965
eliminated all discriminatory practices disenfranchising black voters
New cards
15
26th amendment
everyone 18 years and older can vote and this was when we achieved universal suffrage
New cards
16
15th amendment
no discrimination in voting on account of race
New cards
17
19th amendment
no discrimination in voting on account of sex
New cards
18
socioeconomic factors, demographic characteristics, psychological characters, legal/institutional considerations, and regional voter theory
what are reasons people wont vote?
New cards
19
regional voter theory
cost of voting outweighs benefits
New cards
20
partisanship
why people vote the way they do, has to do with ideological beliefs as well as mental cues
New cards
21
mental cues/cognitive shortcuts
for voters who don't have the opportunity or desire to gain greater knowledge of candidates and issues
New cards
22
Race,gender,income →party ID→voter choice
channel of voter choice
New cards
23
race, gender, geographic region, religion, religiosity, and income/wealth/social
things that have to do with partisanship
New cards
24
elections
mechanism of carrying out democracy and the public will
New cards
25
states
who sets procedures for congressional elections
New cards
26
congress
who cannot alter the procedures for congressional elections
New cards
27
the electoral college
who chooses the president
New cards
28
electoral college
voting for a state of electors for one party/candidate or the other
New cards
29
primary election
choose candidates for major parties
New cards
30
general election
choose who wins public office
New cards
31
plurality
most number of votes
New cards
32
majority
50% + 1 vote
New cards
33
runoff election
choose between top two vote receivers in general/primary election
New cards
34
special election
choose who wins public office
New cards
35
1872 appointment act
congress mandates that this day also be used for congressional elections
New cards
36
polling place
where people cast their vote
New cards
37
paper ballot
usually fill in the bubble ballot that gets read by scanner
New cards
38
electronic voting machines
records votes electronically and instantly
New cards
39
australian secret ballot/massachusetts ballot
used today to secure privacy of who you are voting for
New cards
40
geographic representation
best way to show americans votes. They do this through redrawing state lines and having a census every 10 years
New cards
41
Wesberry vs Sanders(1964)
one person’s vote should be equal to any others when letting representatives // one person = one vote
New cards
42
single member district
one representative per geographic area
New cards
43
gerrymandering
manipulating district boundaries for a specific purpose usually to the advantage of a particular candidate or party
New cards
44
gerrymandering
not illegal but frowned upon
New cards
45
racial gerrymandering
majority-minority districts to try and increase minority representation in congress
New cards
46
shaw vs reno
ruled that we need minority representation but you cannot redistrict solely based on race because it is unconstitutional
New cards
47
electoral campaign
introduce candidate, get message across, and motivate the voters
New cards
48
create message that appeals to voters and must be simple and easily understood
what does a campaign speech need to do
New cards
49
stump speech
main points of candidates message and easily remembered by citizens
New cards
50
simplicity, repetition, exaggeration, and symbolism
main components of a campaign
New cards
51
parties
what did the founding fathers not want
New cards
52
major cleavage examples
broad government vs small government rural/agricultural interests liberalizing tendencies vs conservative tendencies
New cards
53
Federalist
john adams, strong government and commercial interest
New cards
54
Anti Federalist/jeffersonian republicans
thomas jefferson, states rights and agricultural interests
New cards
55
Democratic party
follows in jefferson’s common man footsteps
New cards
56
Whig party
formed in 1834, anti jacksonian “tyrannical power accumulation
New cards
57
Conservative southern democrats
did not want federal government intrusion on race issues - “solid south”
New cards
58
Republicans
favored government promoting business and economic growth and usually had protestant moral values including temperance
New cards
59
northern democrats
tolerant to immigrants and non-protestants and more concerned with urban issues
New cards
60
Populist
grew out of the democratic party- agrarian party
New cards
61
Progressive
concerned with lots of social and political reform
New cards
62
New deal
economic policy influences american politics and economics to present day
New cards
63
Party realignment
major constituencies shit party allegiance, creating long term change
New cards
64
Modern party era
another realignment that meant republicans used southern strategy to draw conservative, white southern voters
New cards
65
Two party system
two major parties dominate at any particular times
New cards
66
Reform parties
reform some aspect of politics
New cards
67
Single-issue parties
entire platform is structured around one issue
New cards
68
Ideological parties
typically the fringe of american ideologies
New cards
69
Progressive parties
civil service reforms, primary elections, initiatives and referenda, and australian ballot
New cards
70
Dealignment
decline in party loyalties reducing long-term party commitment
New cards
71
Party polarization
party platforms becoming more ideologically polarized
New cards
72
interest groups
an organized membership and pursuit of shared policy interest
New cards
73
Theory of collective action
logical for people not to join interest groups
New cards
74
Insider lobbying
most common and effective method of action for interest groups
New cards
75
Iron triangle of inside lobbying
interest groups, congress and bureaucrats form a network of info and support and makes it difficult for other voices to be heard in the policy building process
New cards
76
Issue networks
less structures and more inclusive in helping shape policy
New cards
77
Grassroots lobbying/astroturf lobbying
encouraging group members to contact legislators
New cards
78
Litigation
some groups and organizations litigate legal challenges on behalf of supporters and may file amicus curiae briefs
New cards
79
Amicus curiae
briefs on behalf of supporters or in support of issues that can guide legal decisions by giving their interpretations of law
New cards
80
size and resources, leadership, and cohesiveness
Three main factors of interest groups
New cards
81
media
wide variety of sources which perform a wide variety of functions
New cards
82
press
organizations that are devoted to reporting the news item of the day
New cards
83
Party-sponsored papers
mouthpieces for parties
New cards
84
Yellow journalism
news was sensationalized or fabricated to aid public interest
New cards
85
War with spain because the USS maine was sunk in havana harbor
What conflict was because of yellow journalism?
New cards
86
Muckraking
journalism that exposes corruption or unfair practices
New cards
87
Fairness doctrine
mandated equal time to candidate and political pundits from both political parties
New cards
88
ideology and partisanship, age, gender, income, and political knowledge
News source influences
New cards
89
2/3s
how many americans get their news from social media
Studied by 114 people
Note 
Flashcard (124)