Physical science chapt. 10-21 finals

Crust

The thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle

Mantle

The layer of rock between Earth’s crust and core

Core

The center part of the Earth below the mantle

Lithosphere

The solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper mantle

Plate tectonics

The theory that explains how the outer parts of Earth change through time, and that explains the relationships between continental drift, sea-floor spreading, seismic activity, and volcanic activitylcanic activity

Magma

Liquid rock produced under the Earth’s surface

Subduction

The process by which one lithospheric plate moves beneath another as a result of tectonic forces

Fault

A crack in the Earth is created when rocks on either side of a break move

Epicenter

The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus

Surface waves

a seismic wave that can move only through solids

Seismology

The study of earthquakes, including their origin, propagation, energy, and prediction

Richter scale

A scale that expresses the magnitude of an earthquake

Mineral

natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties

Weathering

The natural process by which atmospheric and environmental agents, such as wind, rain, and temperature changes, disintegrate and decompose rocks

Acid precipitation

Precipitation, such as rain, sleet, or snow, that contains a high concentration of acids, often because of pollution in the atmosphere

Erosion

a process in which the materials of the Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away, and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity

Deposition

The process in which material is laid down

What are seismic waves produced by?

Earthquakes

What do seismic waves allow scientists to measure?

the structure of the planet

What are the 3 main layers of the earth?

the crust, the mantle, the core

The crust includes _____(1) crust and ______(2) crust.

oceanic crust, continental crust

The mantle is ___km beneath the surface of Earth

40

Asthenosphere

softer part of the mantle below the lithosphere which is hotter and under more pressure

what is the core mainly made of?

iron and nickle

Movement of liquid out core creates Earths ________ field.

magnetic

3 types of heat transfer

radiation, conduction, convection

Radiation

the transfer of energy through empty space, has no direct contact between heat source and an object

Conduction

heat transferred by direct contact of particles of matter

Convection

transfer of heat by the movement of a heating fluids

Convection currents have been acting like a _________ moving the _____ above for the past __ billion years.

conveyor belt, lithosphere, 4

Alfred Wegener hypothesized ______, where all continents were once joined together in a single landmass, now known as _____ drift.

Pangea, continental

Put the people in order of who hypothesized earliest:
Harry hess, J. Tuzo Wilson, Alfred Wegener

Alfred, Harry, Tuzo (hint to remember: they are in alphabetical order)

harry hess hypothesized ______ spreading, where the ocean floors move like a conveyor belt, carrying ________ along with them.

sea-floor, continents

What are deep-ocean trenches?

ocean floor sinks back into the mantle by subduction

What did J. Tuzo Wilson hypothesize?

the lithosphere is broken into separate sections called plates →the theory of plate tectonics.

The edge of the plates meet at lines called __________

plate boundaries

faults

breaks in earth’s crust

3 types of boundaries

transform, divergent, convergent

transform boundary

2 plates slip past each other moving in opposite directions

divergent boundary

2 plates move apart; usually occurs at the mid-ocean ridge

convergent boundary

2 plates come together, causing collision

rift valley occurs when …

a deep valley is formed along a divergent boundary that develops on land

Which boundary does earthquakes frequently happen?

transform boundary

what forms when 2 continental plates collide?

mountains

Do we feel the seismic waves from earthquakes?

yes

Focus

the exact point inside Earth where an earthquake originates

Epicenter

point immediately above focus

earthquake waves travel in …
1) one direction
2) four directions
3) all directions
4) no direction

3

Where does damage from earthquakes occur most?

At the epicenter

Longitudinal waves are also known as…

p-waves or primary waves

Longitudinal waves

move faster through rock than other waves, arriving first at recording stations

transverse wave is also known as…

s-wave or secondary wave

transverse wave

move more slowly, cannot travel through liquid

surface waves

only move across earth’s surface; rolling motion (up/down and back/forth)

What is seismology?

study of earthquakes

_ stations with _ seismographs each are necessary to locate the epicenter

3,3

Waves change _____ and ______ whenever the density of the material changes

speed and direction

Mercalli scale

used to measure intensity of earthquake (uses observational data)

Magma changes to ____ when reach the surface

lava

___% of active volcanoes are located around the edge of the _____ ocean ( the _____ of _____ )

75%, pacific, ring of fire

Shield vocanoes

mild eruptions, gently sloping mountain

composite volcanoes

trapped gases, flows and explosive eruptions

Cinder cones volcanoes

most abundant volcano, smaller, active for short time

Seamounts volcanoes

underwater volcanoes, looks like composite volcano

Inner core

dense ball of solid metal

Lava flow

area covered by lava as it flows

crater

bowl-shaped area around central vent

vent

smaller openings where magma leaves volcano

pipe

tube that connects magma chamber to Earth’s surface

magma chamber

pocket where magma collects

Crust

The thin and solid outermost layer of Earth above the mantle

Mantle

The layer of rock between Earth’s crust and core

Core

The center part of the Earth below the mantle

Lithosphere

The solid, outer layer of Earth that consists of the crust and the rigid upper mantle

Plate tectonics

The theory that explains how the outer parts of Earth change through time, and that explains the relationships between continental drift, sea-floor spreading, seismic activity, and volcanic activitylcanic activity

Magma

Liquid rock produced under the Earth’s surface

Subduction

The process by which one lithospheric plate moves beneath another as a result of tectonic forces

Fault

A crack in the Earth is created when rocks on either side of a break move

Epicenter

The point on Earth’s surface directly above an earthquake’s focus

Surface waves

a seismic wave that can move only through solids

Seismology

The study of earthquakes, including their origin, propagation, energy, and prediction

Richter scale

A scale that expresses the magnitude of an earthquake

Mineral

natural, usually inorganic solid that has a characteristic chemical composition, an orderly internal structure, and a characteristic set of physical properties

Acid precipitation

Precipitation, such as rain, sleet, or snow, that contains a high concentration of acids, often because of pollution in the atmosphere

Erosion

a process in which the materials of the Earth’s surface are loosened, dissolved, or worn away, and transported from one place to another by a natural agent, such as wind, water, ice, or gravity

Deposition

The process in which material is laid down

what is a star?

a large celestial body that is composed of gas and emits light

what are light years?

the distance that light travels in one year (~9.5 trillion km away)

Stars have different _____, which indicate different ________

colors, temperatures

The (bigger/smaller) the star, the brighter it is

bigger

The (farther/closer) the star, the brighter it is

closer

The (colder/hotter) the star, the brighter it is

hotter

Class O star is what temperature and color?

20,000-60,000 K, Blue

Class B star is what temperature and color?

10,000-20,000 K, Blue-white

Class A star is what temperature and color?

7,500-10,000 K, white

Class F star is what temperature and color?

6,000-7,500 K, yellow-white

Class G star is what temperature and color?

5,000-6,000 K, yellow

Class K star is what temperature and color?

3,500-5,000 K, orange

Class M star is what temperature and color?

2,000-3,500 K, red

A star’s brightness depends on its ____ and ____.

size and colors