316 Positioning I: Unit II-Respiratory System Q1

body habitus

determines the shape, position, and movement of the internal organs

thoracic cavity

-Extends from the superior thoracic aperture to the inferior thoracic aperture

-Contains the lungs & heart; the organs of the respiratory system, cardiovascular, & lymphatic systems; the inferior portion of the esophagus; & the thymus gland

diaphragm

parachute shaped, separates thoracic and abdominal cavities

anteriorly to the xiphoid process & costal margins; laterally to the 11-12 ribs; posteriorly to the lumbar vertebrae

how is the diaphragm attached?

pleura

each lung is enclosed with double-walled serous membrane called _______

visceral pleura

inner layer that covers the lungs

parietal pleura

outer layer that lines the thoracic cavity

pleural cavity

between the parietal and visceral layers

serous fluid

lubricates & reduces friction as the lungs move

3 lobes, 2 fissures

how many lobes & fissures does the right lung have?

2 lobes, 1 fissure

how many lobes & fissures does the left lung have?

pharynx, trachea, bronchi, 2 lungs

respiratory system consists of:

structures above & and including the larynx; includes the nasal and oral cavities, the pharynx, & larynx

upper respiratory tract is composed of:

naso-, oro-, and laryngo-

3 parts of the pharynx

trachea, right & left primary bronchi, both lungs

the lower tract is composed of:

trachea

fibrous muscular tube incomplete cartilaginous rings embedded in its walls. Lies anterior to the esophagus

16-20

the trachea has how many cartilaginous rings?

4.5” (11cm)

how long is the trachea?

C6 to T4

where does the trachea extend from?

posteriorly

the cartilage rings are C shaped and open __________

carina

the last ring is elongated and has a hooklike process, the ______ on its inferior surface.

2 primary bronchi

the carina is where the trachea divides into?

T4-T5 (sternal angle)

the primary bronchi are located at?

right

which primary bronchi is wider and more vertical?

long

the left primary bronchus is almost twice as _______ as the right

air is inspired → nasopharynx → oropharynx → laryngopharynx → larynx → trachea → primary bronchi → secondary bronchi → tertiary bronchi → bronchioles → terminal bronchioles → alveolar ducts → alveoli

the order that air travels through the respiratory system

alveoli

terminal bronchioles communicate with alveolar ducts which ends in an alveolar sac lines with alveoli

right and left lungs

organs of respiration; separated by the mediastinum; composed of functional tissue called parenchyma

parenchyma

spongy pink tissue of the lungs, composed of alveoli, air passages, blood/lymph vessels, connective tissue

superior, middle, inferior

3 lobes of the right lung

horizontal

fissure that separates the superior and middle lobes on the right lung

oblique

fissure that separates the middle & inferior lobes of the right lung

broader

right lung is __________ than the left bc of heart position

sperm sign

may have an azygos (accessory) lobe - a congenital anomaly found in the R apex in 5% of the population caused by a prominent azygos vein. this is referred to as a _________ on a chest x-ray

apex

superior portion of the lungs, reaches above clavicles

base

inferior portion of the lungs, rests obliquely on the diaphragm, lower in back and sides than in front

costophrenic angles

lateral margins/ sides that dip into the recesses of the parietal pleura

hilum

concave medial border of each lung where the bronchi, vessels, nerves enter/ exit

inferiorly

the lungs move _______ during inspiration as the diaphragm contracts

superiorly

lungs move _________ during expiration as the diaphragm relaxes

nares

external opening into the nose

nasal cavity

Divided into left and right sides by the nasal septum

mucous membranes & cilia

the nasal cavity is lined with what?

warms & humidifies air; catch debris

what do the mucous membranes & cilia do?

sinuses

4 pairs in skull and facial bones that function to lighten the weight of the skull and aid in resonance of voice

pharynx

extends from the nasal cavity to the esophagus and larynx

5 inches

how long is the pharynx

nasopharynx

portion behind nasal cavity to soft palate & contains

-Uvula

-Eustachian tube

-Adenoids

uvula

pendulous portion hanging down and covers opening to nasopharynx when swallowing

eustachian tube

openings - extend to the middle ear and opening into the nasopharynx, equalizes the air pressure on the tympanic membrane (route for infection)

adenoids

lymphoid tissue located on posterior wall of the nasopharynx (pharyngeal tonsils)

oropharynx

portion of pharynx located behind the mouth contains:

-Tonsils or Palatine tonsils

tonsils/ palatine tonsils

lymphoid tissue located between the mouth and oropharynx

laryngopharynx

extends from the epiglottis to the larynx

larynx

voice box; lies between the root of tongue & trachea just inf. ant. to laryngopharynx

1.5inches (4cm)

how long is the larynx

C4-6 suspended from the hyoid bone

where is the larynx placed?

epiglottis

attached to the thyroid cartilage & covers the glottis (laryngeal opening) when swallowing

thyroid cartilage

adam’s apple, shield shape (laryngeal prominence) C5

cricoid cartilage

attached to first ring cartilage of trachea - from below the thyroid cartilage (forms inferior and posterior wall)

vocal cords

folds of membranes attached to thyroid cartilage

glottis

opening between the folds of the vocal cords, aids in phonation and prevents foreign bodies from entering trachea

thyroid gland

bilobed endocrine gland, vascular organ located anteriorly in neck just below the larynx

parathyroid glands

located in the posterior surface of the thyroid, which store and secrete hormones and aid in calcium levels in blood

mediastinum

the space between the lungs & separates pleural cavities

parietal pericardium

lines the outer part of the thoracic cavity

visceral pericardium (epicardium)

lines the heart

thymus gland

the primary control organ of the lymphatic system in childhood & puberty

-consists of 2 pyramid shaped lobes in the lower neck and superior mediastinum

-produces thyomocin which aids in development and maturation of the immune system

-Reaches max size at puberty and gradually almost disappears and is replaced by fat

systemic circulation

occurs throughout the whole body

-Normally, vessels leaving the heart are arteries and vessels coming back to the heart are veins (deoxygenated blood)

pulmonary circulation

is the circuit that blood makes from the heart to the lungs and back for the purpose of ridding the body of carbon dioxide and picking up oxygen

pulmonary arteries

carry deoxygenated blood from the right side of the heart into the lungs to be oxygenated

pulmonary veins

carry oxygenated blood back from the lungs to the left side of the heart, which is then distributed to the body through the aorta

pulmonary ventilation

air gets in and out of the lungs (alveoli) through inhalation and exhalation (the act of breathing)

external respiration

O₂ diffuses from the lungs to the blood (coming back from the pulmonary arteries) and CO₂ diffuses blood to lungs

transport of gases

O₂ and CO₂ are transported between the lungs and other body tissues

internal respiration

O₂ is delivered to /CO₂ is collected from cells

1. pulmonary ventilation

2. external respiration

3. transport of gases

4. internal respiration

4 phases of respiration

medulla oblongata and pons

the _________ and ________ in the brainstem control the rate and depth of breathing

12-16 breaths/min

a healthy adult’s resp. rate is between

diffusion

occurs because gas moves from areas of high concentration to areas of low, and the blood in pulmonary arteries is low in O₂. Thus, O₂ passively moves from the alveoli into the pulmonary circulation and towards the left side of the heart and the CO₂ moves into the alveoli to be exhaled by the trachea

1.5%

what percent of O₂ is transported in plasma?

10%

what percent of CO₂ is transported in plasma?

30%

what percent of CO₂ is transported attached to hemoglobin?