What is the leading cause of infectious diarrhea?
Virus: Noroviruses (Dr. Karst’s lab)
what is the difference b/w inflammatory vs watery diarrhea?
inflammatory: due to mucosal invasion by BACTERIA
bloody diarrhea and fever
Common causes: CHEESY pathogen
watery: toxins lead to decreased absorption of water
dehydration and electrolyte imbalance
Common cause: virus, vibrio cholera, enterotoxigenic E.coli
what CHEESY pathogen include?
CHEESY pathogen:
Campylobacter, Hemorrhagic E. coli, Enteroinvasive E. coli
Salmonella, Shigella, Yersinia
which population are recommended to get blood culture?
infants < 3mo
anyone with systemic manifestations
immunocompromised
what we should do if diarrhea lasts > 14 days?
conduct parasitic studies
what pathogens need specialized stool test?
STEC
C. diff
what are the goals of rehydration therapy?
resolve fluid losses
correct electrolyte imbalances
correct metabolic acidosis
should breastfeeding continue for infants?
No
what food we should avoid with rehydration?
foods high in fiber, salt, sugar, which can create more fluid loss
→ lead to osmotic diarrhea
what is the dosage of ORT?
adults: 50-100 mL/kg over first 3-4hrs
ongoing losses: can continue in a smaller amount
what are the benefits of using Abx for diarrhea in infection?
shorten duration of sx. lessen severity of sx, shorten duration of fecal shedding
who we should give Abx?
infants < 3mo
International travelers with bloody diarrhea + fever, and/or signs of sepsis
immunocompromised with severe illness and bloody diarrhea
what is the 1st line Abx for adults and children?
Azithromycin (same for moderate and severe TD )
3rd gen cep (for <3 mo)
Check local resistance patterns and travel history
when we should avoid to give anti-motility agents for sx relief?
when the infection is toxin-mediated
avoid if bloody diarrhea or high fever is present
Generally not recommended in children
who and how should we administer Zn
Children 6mo-5 years with malnutrition in developing countries
20mg/day for 1-2 weeks
ADE: metallic taste, vomitting
what is the main cause for TD Infection?
bacteria, accounting for 80-90% of cases
What is the Abx of choice for TD prophylaxis?
Rifaximin
only for immunocom. and unavoidable trips
can use BSS as an alternative (AE: blackening of the tongue and stool)
which of the following is NOT Risk factor for C.dif
Age greater than 65 yo
Chemo or immunosuppression
Severe morbidity
GI surgery
PPI: especially long-term use
No history of Abx use
What 2 meds that have highest risk of CDI
Clindamycin
FQ
which dx tests are commonly used for CDI?
GDH
EIA Toxin A and B
Dosage of Metro in CDI trx
500mg PO/IV q8hr
Systemically absorbed
High collateral damage
IV for severe infection
is Vanco PO and Fidaxomicin Systemically absorbed?
No
How frequent vanco is used in CDI?
q6h
125mg PO q6h (NOT IV)
vs Fidaxomicin 200mg PO q12hr
what is the advantage of using Fidaxomicin over Vanco in CDI?
less recurrence b.c of having narrower spectrum
BUT MUCH MORE expensive
difference NOT maintained for pts with BI/NAP1/027 strains
what is the level of WBC and SCr in severe CDI?
WBC: > 15k
SrCr > 1.5mg/dL
How long do we treat CDI?
10 days
How differently fulminant CDI is treated than mild/moderate or severe stage?
Metronidazole IV is used along with Van 500 mg (NOT 125mg) PO
Both are 500 mg
what is the preferred option for CDI recurrence?
Fidaxomicin 200 mg PO BID for 10 days
What is NOT exclusion criteria for FTM donor?
Abx in last 6 mo
should be last 3 mos
What is Rebyota?
Fecal microbiota suspension for rectal administration
apply rectally AFTER completion of CDI Abx (usually after 2-3 days) for pt who have at least 1 recurrence
what is MOA of Bezlotoxumab?
binds to toxin B and neutralizes it
need to give WITH Abx
which populations should we give Bezlotoxumab?
Second CDI in 6 mo
The elderly
Immunocom.
Severe CDI
In which condition probiotics are proved to be effective?
Abx- associated diarrhea
What Kefir contains and when it should be used?
Include: fermented milk, yeast, probiotics
Indication: in recurrent CDI, given with staggered, taperd metro, vanco regimen (for 8 weeks)
inconclusive result