APUSH UNIT 2

Maritime empire

A system of political and economic control that uses naval trade routes

Giovanni de varrazzano

An Italian sailing for the French, commissioned by king Francis l , to discover a passage to Asia through the new world.

Coined the term New France and motivated further French exploration

New France

• fur trade

• Less violent

• Learned a lot from native tribes

• Profit motivated

• “Middle passage” - French & Natives

New Spain

• encomienda system

• Larger settlements

• Cash crops ( tabaco )

• Looking for gold

• More violent

• Cultural genocide

Jacques Cartier

Claimed land around st.Lawrence river in name of king Francis l

Samuel de Champlain

Explores coast of New England

Founded Quebec

Jacques Marquette & Louis joillet

• Jesuit missionary + Fur trapper

• Studied indigenous languages (JM)

La Nouvelle- Orleans (new Orleans)

Founded by Jean baptiste la maybe de Burnsville in 1718

Became a rich port due to it being a gateway to Europe

Big part of slave trade

Middle ground

• New France & Indigenous Tribes area

• Led to intermarriages between the two

• A place for trade

Saint-Domingue

A slave based plantation colony for sugar and coffee which was 25% of the French’s revenue

Cap Francais

The commercial center of Saint Domingue

Dutch independence

Was under the control of Spain but broke free with the Act of abjuration in 1581.

Later challenged spain with their Dutch East India Company in 1602.

Henrey Hudson

Explored east coast of North America for a route to Asia for the DUTCH.

Claimed Hudson River valley, island of manhattan, and new Amsterdam in new netherland.

New netherland

• close relationships with tribes for trade

• People immigrated for a new life

• Used kidnapped indigenous men as informants for future expeditions

British beat Spanish armada

King Philip ll tries to invade Protestant England to overthrow Queen Elizabeth but England seizes their ships and defeats them

John Cabot

Explored Newfoundland in 1467

Queen Elizabeth 1

Formed east India company to compete with Spain & Portugal in 1600 and was the inspiration behind the name for the Virginia company

(Virgin Queen)

Royal

A colony ruled under leadership of a royal governor who is appointed by the kind or queen

Proprietary

A colony founded by a white male or family due to a direct relationship to the king or queen

Joint-stock company

Colony formed when multiple investors pool resources and wealth in order to share profits and risks

British West Indies

First British colonies in the Caribbean , Barbados and Jamaica

Slave based sugar plantations

Cape coast castle

The headquarters for the transatlantic slave trade run by the British in Africa

Roanoke

• England’s first colony in americas

• North Carolina

• Queen Elizabeth funded it so it could be named after her

• Overall was a failure and so many things went badly

• “Lost colony” bc people just disappeared and they don’t know much about it

Popham colony

• 2nd failed British colony

• They also arrived too late to plant just like Roanoke

Jamestown

• third tried colony

• Money came from Virginia Company

• Went through a “Starving Time” bc of there unwillingness to plant crops and betrayal towards tribes

• Ended up successfully only thanks to profits from tobacco

John Rolfe

Introduced tobacco to Jamestown which led to a need for indentured servants and later slaves and married pocohantas

General assembly

1619 - The first representation of legislative assembly

Also known as house of burgesses

This occurred a few weeks after African slaves first arrived

John punch

A black, indentured servant that refused to fill his contract and left with two other white indentured servants

He represents a turning point/Realization that dynamics between races were changing, and basically that racism was Sprouting. His punishment Was way worse than the white indentured servants punishment.

1661

Slavery was institutionalized in Virginia and black settlers were no longer seen as equals but now less than

Plymouth colony

• first permanent colony in New England

• Founded 1620

• Settled by pilgrims/saints on Mayflower ship

• Many settlers were fleeing religious persecution from Anglican church

Puritanism

A religious movement that arose in 16th century in response to the church of England. they were people who were not satisfied with the reformation progress, and believed that the church of England kept too many old beliefs.

Separatists

A minority of Puritans That wanted a separate church away from Royal rule. Left England for Haven for religious freedom, but believed others were TOO TOLERANT and they only like toleration for themselves but not other religions.

Squanto

An interpreter for pilgrims to communicate with indigenous tribes in order to forge alliances with locals.

Pilgrim’s Utopian Society

Pilgrims wanted to establish society based on lives of earlier, Christian saints. Their government rested on principles of consent.

Massachusetts Bay colony (MBC)

• settled 1630

• Run by London merchants who wanted to further Puritan cause in internal profit through trade

• Formed through a commercial company similar to Virginia Company

• Lead to the great migration

• The largest England settlement in New England

• Settlers were English protestant

The great migration

The migration of around 21,000 people from England by 1642.

Was called great because they were great Christians.

Winthrop “city upon a Hill”

Basically saying that the People in the Massachusetts Bay colony were going to be a shining light/city upon a hill for the Puritan community back in England. They were going to be the expectation and example for the world and a model that should be adopted by others.

Puritan social norms/roles

Males had all the authority, unlimited, legal and economic rights for women. Women, children and servants were forced to be obedient under men of authority/father/husband.

The man’s position resembled God due to also being a man in authority While women were seen as Birth givers/baby makers, and were even sent to a kind of schooling for correction if they acted out of the norm.

puritan government

• excessive Individuality

• Lack of social unity

• Self governing towns

General court

A group Of deputies elected by landowning church members called Freemen

Body of liberties (1641)

A document outlining rights and responsibilities of colonist while also allowing for slavery.

When were you Banished from a colony?

• If you criticize the church or government

• If you complain about the colonies

• If you are Being a “burdensome woman”

Roger Williams

A young minister that Arrived in MBC in 1631 and believed in separation of church and state, and wanted to strengthen The religious freedom.

Wasn’t liked by puritans bc he basically said they weren’t special.

Rhode Island

Was established by Roger William after he fled from MBC. He Established a settlement through deals with the local tribe.

Was known for its religious freedom and was democratic.

Anne Hutchinson

A influential woman who was seen as threatening because of her influence, and because she preached about antinomian. She also believed the MBC ministers were guilty of false preaching which led to her on trial.

The trial of Anne Hutchinson

Occurred during 1637 and she was faced with three charges.

• Being a woman exerting authority over men

• Preaching about free grace and denying favored works

• Said she could identify who was saved

New Hampshire colony

Was originally inhabited by 3000 indigenous people, but through disease and war the population was reduced. By the 1620s Grants were being given to establish a fishing and trading settlement.

Connecticut colony

Was inhabited by Paleo Indians around 10,000 years ago, but was encountered by the Dutch from new Amsterdam and the English by Plymouth.

The Dutch wedge

Context: New Sweden was established as a new colony, but the Dutch attacked them and let them stay under Dutch rule.

New Netherland, becoming a Dutch wedge separating north and south English colonies as a lucrative trade center prohibiting them/making them somewhat go out their way to interact.

Mercantilism

More exports than imports

The Maryland experiment

The second Chesapeake colony that followed Virginia that was established in 1632 as proprietary colony. Cecilius Calvert(Lord Baltimore) was the owner.

Maryland

Lord Baltimore envisioned Maryland as a refuge for prosecuted people in England, and wished that Catholics and protestants could live in harmony. Even though he wanted this protestants were the majority and tried to gain more resources and power than the Catholics.

Head right system

A system where you pay for peoples journey to the colony, and gain 50 acres in return.

toleration act of Maryland

An act that protected Christians from fights and discrimination

Carolina colony

• was proposed to establish feudal society with heredity nobility

• included elected assembly, religious toleration, and head right system to attract settlers

• Slavery was very popular and made Carolina a hierarchy Society as slave owners had absolute power and also received acres for slaves

Pennsylvania colony

• Home to numerous tribes

• Named after William Penn, who was given the colony, because Charles, the second owed him money

• Penn wanted pennsylvania to become a Haven for Quakers in New World

quaker liberty

Pen considered colony a free colony for all mankind That should go nither

Liberty was seen as an universal entitlement

Charters of liberty

Condemned enforcement of religious uniformity, which took away peoples right to choose who they worship

Charter of privileges

Offered Christian liberty to all who believes in God

Didn’t have an established church but still didn’t accept Jewish people

Navigation act

An act passed by Oliver Cromwell to take power from the Dutch by only allowing English ships to conduct trade between colonies and England.

Struggles of enslaved people

• not protected under English law

• Never expired because they had no contract

• Children born into slaves

  ( children’s status followed mother which allowed for SA)

• Intensive labor

Bacons rebellion (1676)

A rebellion ran by Nathaniel bacon who hated Governor Berkeley, and used the promise of lowering taxes and promised freedom to gain support from lower class or poor people. A rebellion about land and the resources being given to people.

Aftermath of Bacons rebellion

• A bigger shift towards slavery, instead of indentured servitude

• Believed it was more economical to purchase, enslaved people for life and free labor

• The price of enslaved people started to reduce as the number of traders in increase

House of burgesses slave code

A legislation that said, enslaves people were subjected to the will of slaveholders, and were basically seen as objects who could be bought, sold, and fought over in court.

It also said that no black person could own arms, strike a white man, or employee a white Servant.