Fluid balance

The proportion of fluid lost by the body as sweat would increase during

exercise

An increase in the amount of beverages taken by mouth would increase

the urine output

An irritation to the colon that leads to diarrhea would increase

the proportion of water lost through feces

What type of water imbalance increases the amount of fluid in both cells and tissue?

hypotonic hydration

Which of the following conditions promotes edema?

hypoproteinemia

Rising levels of K⁺ directly influence the adrenal cortex. The subsequent release of aldosterone leads to

both increased loss of K⁺ in the urine and increased reabsorption of Na⁺.

the strongest buffering system in the body is the

renal system

-By altering the reabsorption and excretion of hydrogen ions and bicarbonate ions, the kidneys control the pH of body fluids.

The bicarbonate buffer system is one of the chemical buffer systems of the body. How would the bicarbonate buffer system work if sodium hydroxide were added to a solution?

A hydrogen on carbonic acid would dissociate and join the hydroxyl group on the base to form water and sodium bicarbonate.

The respiratory system is one of the three systems that regulate acid-base balance in the body. How does it work to decrease an acidosis?

Carbonic acid is broken down into water and CO₂; the CO₂ is then exhaled

In a respiratory acidosis the kidney would do?

The kidney would reabsorb bicarbonate and secrete hydrogen ions

Ingesting too much antacid would cause which of the following acid-base disturbances?  

metabolic alkalosis

Vomiting will cause which type of acid-base disturbance?  

metabolic alkalosis

Severe anxiety would cause which type of acid-base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

respiratory alkalosis; kidneys would excrete HCO₃

What is the most important trigger for aldosterone release?

renin-angiotensin-aldosterone mechanism

effect of parathyroid hormone (PTH)

-activate bone-digesting osteoclasts

-increase Ca²⁺ reabsorption by the kidneys

-stimulate the kidneys to transform vitamin D to its active form

Hypersecretion of aldosterone results in hypokalemia, which causes hyperpolarization of neurons; this in turn results in ______.

the need for a stronger than normal stimulus in order to trigger an action potential

why does hypocalcemia increases neuromuscular excitability and causes muscle tetany?

 Low plasma calcium ion concentration increases the permeability of neuron membranes to sodium ions, thereby causing depolarization that in turn increases the likelihood of action potentials being generated

What is the primary buffer in the plasma?

bicarbonate buffer system

An increase in blood CO₂ levels leads to -

a drop in blood pH

Which of these combinations of values would help you determine if your patient was suffering from metabolic acidosis?

Decreased blood HCO−3HCO3− levels and decreased pH

Starvation would cause which of the following acid-base conditions?

Also, determine what type of compensation (metabolic or respiratory) there would be.

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, PCO2PCO2 = 55 mmHg, and HCO₃ −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

respiratory acidosis with metabolic compensation

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.5, pCO₂ = 45 mmHg, and HCO₃ −− = 30 mEq/L. What is the acid-base imbalance?

metabolic alkalosis with no compensation

A patient is admitted to the hospital with the following plasma values: pH = 7.2, PCO2PCO2 = 25 mmHg, and HCO₃ −− = 18 mEq/L. What is the acid base imbalance?

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Diarrhea can lead to which acid/base disturbance? Assuming compensation, would it be a metabolic or respiratory compensation?

metabolic acidosis with respiratory compensation

Emphysema can lead to which acid/base disturbance? What would be the compensation?

respiratory acidosis; kidneys will retain more HCO₃ −− and excrete H+

Which organs are most important for the long-term regulation of acid-base homeostasis?

kidneys

Which acid-base imbalance would be caused by over accumulation of CO₂ in the blood?

respiratory acidosis

Nancy is experiencing an acute panic attack. While hyperventilating, she remembers to open a paper bag and breathe into it. What is Nancy trying to prevent?

respiratory alkalosis

An illness causes Doug to experience severe diarrhea and an accompanying loss of bicarbonate-rich secretions. How can this metabolic acidosis be compensated?

increased respiratory rate and depth