AP HUG Unit 6

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71 Terms

1

Site

The relationship between a city and the physical environment and landscape in which it is located

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2

Situation

The relationship between a city and the rest of the urban system in which it is located

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3

Urbanization

The process by which the population of urban settlements grows. Includes a growth in the percent of people, and the number of people living in urban areas

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4

Business services

Principle purpose is to facilitate the activities of other businesses

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5

Consumer services

Principle purpose is to provide services to individual consumers who desire them and can afford them

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6

Public services

The purpose is to provide security and protection for citizens and business

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7

Service

Any activity that fulfills a human want or need and returns money to those who provide it

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8

Settlement

A permanent collection of buildings where people reside, work, and obtain services

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9

Globalization

The increasing connection of economic, cultural, and political characteristics across the world

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10

Megacity

A place with 10 million or more residents

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11

Metacity

A place with 20 million or more residents

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12

World city (global)

Urban settlements that play an especially important role in global business

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13

Borchert Model of Urban Growth

Focuses on the development of cities in relation to the development of transportation and communication.

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14

Central Place Theory

A theory that explains the distribution of services based on the fact that settlements serve as centers of market areas for services; larger settlements are fewer and further apart than smaller settlements and provide services for a larger number of people who are willing to travel further

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15

Food Desert

An area that has a substantial amount of low-income residents and has poor access to a grocery store, defined in most cases as further than 1 mile

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16

Gravity Model

A model which hold that the potential use of a service at a particular location is directly related to the number of people in a location and inversely re;aed to the distance people must travel to reach the service

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17

Law of The Primate City

A pattern of settlements in a country that is the largest settlement had more than twice as many people as the second ranking settlement

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18

Market Area/ Hinterland

The area surrounding a central place from which people are attracted to use the place’s goods and services

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19

Range

The maximum distance people are willing to travel to use a service

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20

Rank-Size Rule

A pattern of settlements in a country that the nth largest settlement is 1/n the population of the largest settlement

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21

Threshold

The minimum number of people needed to support a service

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22

Urban Hierarchy

The hierarchy of cities from smallest to largest is hamlet, village, town, city, metropolis, and megalopolis

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23

Central Business District (CBD)

The area of a city where retail and office activities are clustered

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24

Qualitative Data

Descriptive information

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25

Quantitative Data

Any pieces of information that can be displayed using numbers

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26

African City Model

A generalized diagram of an urban area in sub-Saharan Africa that contains pre-colonial, European colonial, and post-colonial elements and is or was segregated by race

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27

Bid-Rent Theory

A geographical economic theory that refers to how the price and demand for real estate change as the distance from the central business district (CBD) increases.

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28

Burgess Concentric-Zone Model

Describes expansion in concentric rings around the central business district.

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29

Census Tract

An area delineated by the U.S Beuro of the Census for which statistics are published. In urban areas, census tracts correspond roughly to neighborhoods

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30

Disamenity Zones

The very poorest parts of cities that in extreme cases are not even connected to city services (amenities) and are controlled by gangs and drugs

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31

Edge Cities

A large node of office and retail offices on the edge of urban areas

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32

Galactic City Model (Peripheral Model)

A city with growth independent of the CBD that is traditionally connected to the central city by means of an arterial highway or interstate.

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33

Harris- Ullman Multiple-Nuclei Model

A city that does not have one central area, but instead has several nodes that act as regional centers for economic or residential activity within one larger city

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34

High Density Housing

Real estate developments that have a higher population than average

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35

Hoyt Sector Model

Suggests that people will live in different sectors based on income levels.

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36

Infrastructure

The basic structure of services, installations, and facilities needed to support industrial, agricultural, and other economic development

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37

Latin America City Model

Combines elements of Latin American Culture and globalization by combining radial sectors and concentric zones.

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38

Low Density Housing

Typically made up of single- family homes that are detached with green space between properties- typically owned by the residents.

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39

Medium Density Housing

Typically made up of multiple- family apartments or townhouses- residents typically pay monthly rent to a landlord who owns the property

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40

Southeast Asian City Model

Feature high-class residential zones that stem from the center, middle-class residential zones that occur in inner-city areas, and low-income squatter settlements that occur in the periphery.

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41

Zones of Abandonment

Areas that have been deserted in a city for economic or environmental reasons.

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42

Boomburbs

Rapidly growing (double-digit growth) suburban cities with a population greater than 100

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43

Decentralization

The tendency of people or businesses and industry to locate outside the central city

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44

Exurbs

The small communities lying beyond the suburbs of a city

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45

Fragmentation (of governments)

There are a large number of local governments throughout the country

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46

Greenbelts

A ring of lang maintained as parks, agriculture, or other types of open space to limit the sprawl of an urban area

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47

Infilling

Occurs where open space presents an economic opportunity for landowners to build small multi-family housing units

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48

Megalopolis

One continuous urban complex, extending from north of Boston to south of Washington, D.C.

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49

Mixed Land Use

Cities that blend a use of residential, commercial, institutional, or industrial uses

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50

New Urbanization

Seeks to encourage local community development and sustainable growth in an urban area

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51

Slow-Growth Cities

Urban communities where the planners have put into place smart growth initiatives to decrease the rate at which the city grows

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52

Smart- Growth (policies)

Policies that combat regional sprawl by addressing issues of population density and transportation

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53

Sprawl

The tendency of cities to grow outward in an unchecked manner

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54

Suburb

A residential or commercial area situated within an urban area but outside the central city

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55

Suburbanization

The growth of cities outside of an urban area

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56

Sustainable Design Initiatives

Seeks to reduce negative impacts on the environment, and the health and comfort of building occupants, thereby improving building performance

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57

Transportation Oriented Development

A type of urban development that clusters jobs, housing, services and amenities around public transport hubs.

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58

Urban Growth Boundaries

Geographical boundaries placed around a city to limit suburban growth within that city

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59

Walkability

A term for planning concepts best understood by the mixed-use of amenities in high-density neighborhoods where people can access said amenities by foot

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60

Zoning Ordinance (practices)

A law that limits the permitted uses of land and maximum density of development in a community

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61

Blockbusting

A process by which real estate agents convince white home owners to sell their homes at low prices because of a fear that a black person would move in to their neighborhood

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62

Brownfields

An abandoned, idled, or underused industrial or commercial facility in which redevelopment is burdened by real or potential environmental contamination

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63

De Facto Segregation

People are segregated into separate areas by fact rather than by law or policy

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64

Farmland Protection Policies

Passed to help protect farmland from being unnecessarily or irreversibly converted without first undergoing a land evaluation by the city government, even if the project was being federally funded

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65

Filtering

A process of change in the use of a house, from single family owner occupancy to abandonment

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66

Gentrification

A process of converting an urban neighborhood from a predominantly low income, renter occupied area to a predominantly middle class, owner occupied area

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67

Inclusionary Zoning

Municipal and county planning ordinances that require a given share of new construction to be affordable by people with low to moderate incomes

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68

Local Food Movement

Movement which aim to connect food producers and food consumers in the same geographic region

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69

Redlining

A process by which financial institutions draw red-colored lines on a map and refuse to lend money to people for purchase or improve property lines

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70

Squatter Settlements

An area within a city in a less developed country in which people illegally establish residences on land they do not own or rent and erect homemade structures

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71

Urban Renewal

Program in which cities identify blighted inner-city neighborhoods, acquire the properties from private owners, relocate the residents and businesses, clear the site, build new roads and utilities, and turn the land over to private developers

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