APUSH 8-5 & 8-8

Brown v. Board of Education

1954 - The Supreme Court overruled Plessy v. Ferguson, declared that racially segregated facilities are inherently unequal and ordered all public schools desegregated

Montgomery Bus Boycott

In 1955, after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a city bus, Dr. Martin L. King led a boycott of city busses. After 11 months the Supreme Court ruled that segregation of public transportation was illegal.

Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC)

1957 group founded by Martin Luther King Jr. to fight against segregation using nonviolent means

Little Rock Nine

A group of students who were enrolled in a white high school on the basis of being black; sent in federal troops

White Citizens Council

With about 15,000 members, mostly in the South, the group was well known for its opposition to racial integration in the South

Student Nonviolent Coordinating Committee (SNCC)

an organization formed in 1960 to coordinate sit-ins and other protests and to give young blacks a larger role in the civil rights movement

Great Migration

movement of over 300,000 African American from the rural south into Northern cities between 1914 and 1920

McCarran-Walter Immigration Act

1952 legislation that made it possible for Japanese non-citizens to become U.S. citizens. However, the act still maintained a race-based system of discriminatory national-origin quotas.

Thurgood Marshall

American civil rights lawyer, first black justice on the Supreme Court of the United States. Marshall was a tireless advocate for the rights of minorities and the poor.

Jackie Robinson

The first African American player in the major league of baseball. His actions helped to bring about other opportunities for African Americans.

Earl Warren

United States jurist who served as chief justice of the United States Supreme Court (Brown v Board)

Martin Luther King Jr.

U.S. Baptist minister and civil rights leader. A noted orator, he opposed discrimination against blacks by organizing nonviolent resistance and peaceful mass demonstrations

Rosa Parks

United States civil rights leader who refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white man in Montgomery (Alabama) and so triggered the national civil rights movement

A. Phillip Randolph

Black leader, who threatens a march to end discrimination in the work place; Roosevelt gives in with companies that get federal grants.

Bayard Rustin

American Civil Rights activist. Chief organizer of the March on Washington for Jobs and Freedom.

Emmett Till

Murdered in 1955 for whistling at a white woman by her husband and his friends. They kidnapped him and brutally killed him, his death led to the American Civil Rights movement.

Freedom Rides

a series of political protests against segregation by Blacks and Whites who rode buses together through the American South in 1961

March on Washington

held in 1963 to show support for the Civil Rights Bill in Congress. Martin Luther King gave his famous "I have a dream..." speech. 250,000 people attended the rally

Civil Rights Act of 1964

This act made racial, religious, and sex discrimination by employers illegal and gave the government the power to enforce all laws governing civil rights, including desegregation of schools and public places.

Freedom Summer

In 1964, when blacks and whites together challenged segregation and led a massive drive to register blacks to vote

Voting Rights Act

law that banned literacy tests and empowered the federal government to oversee voter registration

Black Panther Party

A group formed in 1966, inspired by the idea of Black Power, that provided aid to black neighborhoods; often thought of as radical or violent.

Affirmative Action

A policy designed to redress past discrimination against women and minority groups through measures to improve their economic and educational opportunities

School Bussing

An effort to integrate public schools by mixing students from different neighborhoods

Eugene "Bull" Connor

Public Safety Commissioner of Birmingham, he ordered fire hoses used on protestors

Robert Kennedy

JFK's brother and was assassinated before being able to finish his political race; worked to continue freedom rides

James Meredith

United States civil rights leader whose college registration caused riots in traditionally segregated Mississippi (born in 1933)

George Wallace

Alabama governor best known for his pro-segregation attitudes during the Civil Rights Movement.

John Lewis

student leader of SNCC who organized sit-ins, spoke in Washington, & marched in Selma

Megar Evers

African American civil rights activist who helped overturn segregation at University of Mississippi

Fannie Lou Hamer

a SNCC organizer, helped organize the Mississippi Freedom Democratic Party & challenged the legality of the segregated Democratic Party at the Democratic Convention

Malcolm X

converted to Nation of Islam, became Black Muslims' most dynamic street orator and recruiter

Stokely Carmichael

Coined the phrase "black power" and led SNCC away from a nonviolent approach.

Huey Newton

An American political and urban activist who founded the Black Panther Party for Self Defense. The Black Panther Party worked for the right of self-defense for African-Americans in the United States.

Bobby Seale

Organized the militant group the Black Panthers & Huey Newton wanted black rights through violence.