lecture 3 coming together

pre-modern family

hunter gatherer family

what theory connects hunter gatherer and agricultural

functionalism

hunter gatherer family

• the first form of societal families formed.

• established by informal marriages in which family members were dependant on one another for food and survival.

• Females and children collected herbs, nuts, fruits, vegetables, etc via gathering.

• Men were required to hunt and bring meat home

agricultural family

• began to form when hunter-gatherers found fertile land and many animals in one area.

• Food was grown on the farm, and animals were domesticated

  • eliminated the need for hunting and gathering.

• Couples began to have more children in order to create a work force and successfully sustain the farmland.

• Arranged marriages and polygamy became popular

  • because more children = free workers for the farm

• Most children stayed at home after marriage in order to continue helping on the family farm.

• lead to very large extended families living together.

pre-industrial family

• Many people moved from farms to villages and towns and setup home businesses.

• Economy was struggling

• Marriage became an economic necessity, since it was almost impossible for single women to get jobs

• Most couples now were monogamous

• had fewer children because

  • they were no longer needed for labour

  • housing was much smaller

  • the economy was very poor.

• children were still a necessity because less than 50% reached adulthood.

urban industrial family

• When young people married, they moved away from their families because they could sustain themselves.

• The family we are most familiar with today, began to take shape during this era.

• Many men started working outside the home

  • due to the production of factories in cities and towns.

• Wage based labour force was established.

• Men went out to work in the workforce

• women stayed at home to take care of the home and children.

• Women were financially dependant on their husband's salaries.

• Children were no longer required to work and had to attend school until the minimum age of 16 (established in 1871).

• foster families/etc is seen as bad, weird, taboo

• “the nuclear family'“

• civil rights and women suffrage movements happening

what theory describes the shift of urban industrial family

• functionalism

• begins to dive into ecological

contemporary family

• During the early 1960's women began to work outside the home alongside men.

• This lead to many new family types such as the dual income family, and the DINK family.

• The birth rate of children began to steadily decline to an average of 1.5 children per Canadian household.

• Women were granted more rights such as maternity leave which allows the mother to temporarily leave the workforce in order to raise her children.

• example with “modern family”

  • same sex marriage is accepted

  • adoption is accepted

    • birth rate decreased

  • divorces increased because of no fault divorce

  • blended families

    • immigration

  • gender roles/family roles

what is DINK family

• acronym for “dual income no kids”

• often able to live more comfortably than couples with children because both partners' wages contribute to the household income

• popularity increasing due to women in the workforce, desire to travel, desire to explore hobbies without responsibility of kid(s)

MAJORITY

THE GROUP IN SOCIETY THAT IS THE LARGEST IN NUMBER OR HOLDS THE MOST POWER

MINORITY

• ANY SOCIAL GROUP SEEN BY THE MAJORITY AS BEING INCOMPETENT AND INFERIOR OR ABNORMAL AND DANGEROUS

  • DOES NOT HAVE TO BE SMALLER IN NUMBER THAN THE MAJORITY

    • BLACKS IN SOUTH AFRICA DURING APARTHEID

    • WOMEN

race

• social construct

• A system of classifying people based on physical characteristics such as skin colour

• This process of the social construction of race is called racialization

ethnicity

• The term used to specify a group of people who share a common cultural heritage

prejudice

• is a negative attitude toward an entire group of people

• Structural, or systemic, racism is a form of racism that is embedded within society and its institutions.

discrimination

• is the unfair treatment of people based on their social characteristics rather than on merit

• indirect discrimination occurs when social policies and practices produce an uneven effect on people with certain characteristics.

• Structural, or systemic, racism is a form of racism that is embedded within society and its institutions.

stereotypes

• Stereotypes are simplified perceptions people have of an entire group

• Negative stereotypes are unreasonable and harmful

• Positive stereotypes can be similarly damaging

approaches to difference

• integration

• assimilation

• passing

• separation

• marginalization

integration

• HIGH LEVELS OF ENGAGEMENT OF BOTH HERITAGE AND DOMINANT CULTURE

• positive connection with original cultural

• positive connection with new cultural

• multiculturalism

• top left in chart

assimilation

• TAKING ON THE VALUES AND PRACTICES OF THE MAJORITY GROUP

• negative connection with original cultural

• negative connection with new cultural

• melting pot

• top right in chart

passing

• TRYING TO HIDE MINORITY STATUS

separation

• A CULTURAL GROUP HOLDS TO THEIR OWN HERITAGE REJECTING THE DOMINANT GROUP

• negative connection with original cultural

• positive connection with new cultural

• segregation

• bottom left in chart

marginalization

• LITTLE TO NO INTEREST IN MAINTAINING HERITAGE OR ADOPTING DOMINANT CULTURE

• negative connection with new cultural

• negative connection with original cultural

• exclusion

• bottom right in chart

aboriginal families

• HAS BEEN GROWING 6 TIMES FASTER THAN THE CANADIAN POPULATION AS A WHOLE

  • YOUNGER – MORE ARE CHILDBEARING AGE

  • MORE INDIVIDUALS COUNT THEMSELVES AS ABORIGINAL

  • RESIDENTS ON RESERVES HAVE BEEN MORE ACCURATELY COUNTED

• INCREASE THE LARGEST AMONG THE METIS

• THERE ARE MORE ABORIGINAL PEOPLE IN ONTARIO AND BRITISH COLUMBIA BUT THE PROPORTION IS THE LARGEST IN MANITOBA, SASKATCHEWAN AND THE TERRITORIES

• EXTENDED FAMILIES TAKE ON A LARGER ROLE

• ON AVERAGE, OPPORTUNITIES ARE MORE LIMITED AMONG THE ABORIGINAL POPULATION THAN THE WHOLE CANADIAN POPULATION

  • GAP IS SHRINKING

immigration

• PATTERNS OF IMMIGRATION

  • RETAIN CANADA’S “BRITISH CHARACTER” – PRE 1900S

  • NEED FOR LABOUR

    • IMMIGRANTS WOULD WORK FOR LOWER WAGES

• IMMIGRATION ACT OF 1978

• 4 CATEGORIES OF IMMIGRANTS:

  • family class

  • humanitarian class

  • independent class

  • assisted relatives

• BEFORE 1967 IMMIGRATION LAWS FAVOURED EUROPEANS

• LESS THAN ¼ OF TODAY’S IMMIGRANTS COME FROM EUROPE

  LARGEST GROUP OF IMMIGRANTS ARE CHINESE

• LARGEST VISIBLE MINORITY GROUP IS SOUTH ASIAN

family class

• NUCLEAR FAMILY MEMBERS, AGING PARENTS AND GRANDPARENTS

humanitarian class

• REFUGEES, PERSECUTED AND DISPLACED PERSONS

• UNDERGROUND RAILROAD

• WAR TORN REFUGEES

independent class

• FAVOURS INDIVIDUALS BASED ON AGE, EDUCATION AND OCCUPATION

assisted relatives

• SPONSORED BY A RELATIVE IN CANADA BUT MUST MEET ONE INDEPENDENT CLASS

challenges of immigration

• FINDING EMPLOYMENT

  • LACK OF EXPERIENCE IN CANADA

  • PROBLEMS WITH RECOGNITION OF QUALIFICATIONS

  • LACK OF FLUENCY IN ENGLISH OR FRENCH

• LOWER INCOMES

• SEPARATION FROM FAMILY MEMBERS

• CULTURAL DIFFERENCES