Marine AICE final test

Theory

Well tested and widely accepted hypothesis

**Big bang theory**

14 billions year ago all matter was all in one place and then it exploded forming the universe.

Giant impact theory.

The theory that the molten earth was hit by an object which caused pieces of stars dust and gas to orbit and around earth. Over time gravity brought it together to form the moon, this is the reason that the earth is tilted.

Rotation

spin or internal axis

revolution

to move around an external point

centrifugal force

outerward force on a object moving in a circular direction.

barycenter

the point which 2 bodies of mass revolve around

Earths 3 layers

Crust, Mantle, and core

Mantles 3 layers

L.A.M.

Lithospere-rigid

Athenosphere- plastic like

Mesophere-moveable flexible

Earth´s core

Is the densest layer compose of the innner core and outer core. It is made of nickle and iron and it spins internally creating a magnetic field.

Alfred Wegner´s theory of continental drift

Stated that all continents were together and formed a supercontinent known as pangea. Over time they slowly move apart from each other.

Evidence to support Alfred Wegner´s theory of continental drift.

\-shape of coastlines looked they would fit together like puzzle pieces

\-Fossil of plant and animals species where found near the coast of different countries if they matched up.

\-Rock/Mountain formation look like continued on the coast of different continents and would line up together.

Mid ocean ridge

Is where sea floor spreading takes place. This can be proven because you can find the youngest rock closest to the ridge and it got older as you went farther out.Also found there were alternating magnectic polarity bands.

Plate tectonics theory.

Theory says that that Earth´s crust is broken into pieces of lithospheric plates that float on underlying magma that moves due to convection currents. This is proved by the tectonic forces and the boundarys created,

Three tectonic forces

ridge push-Upward outward for of tectonic plates

slab pull- horizontal force in the middle of the plate

slab suction-downward force on a subducted plate

Three different boundaries

Convergent-tectonic plates moving toward each other

Transform- tectonic plates moving past each other

Divergent- tectonic plates moving away from each other

Two different types of crusts

continental crust-Thicker less dense

oceanic crust- Thinner more dense.

Two different types of margins

Active-when continental margin meets the ocean floor at the tectonic boundary.

Passive- when continental margin meets ocean floor on the same tectonic plate.

Different parts of the continental margin

cont shelf, cont edge, cont slope, cont rise

Mid ocean ridge

Two oceanic plates diverge because of the underlying magma push outward and up. As the plates are pushed apart magma rises and then cools forming new sea floor.

Oceanic trench

Occurs at a subduction zone between continental and oceanic crust. The tectonic plate that subducts then gets melted by the magma creating more hot less dense magma to rise to form volcanoes.

hydrothermal vents

Cracks in the boundaries of the crust have water seep through which is then heated by the underlying magma which also dissolves minerals. This is known as hydrohtermal vent fluid which is mineral rich. Pressure builds up in these vents causing them to release into the cold water.

Weathering

Physical or chemical breakdown of rocks. Sediments are formed because of this.

Erosion

Movement of sediment out of an area.

Sedimentation/deposition

Sediment is deposited in areas.

How are sediments categorized

size,source, location, and shape.

Biogenous sedimentation

Sediment from living organisms such as coral fragments, skeletal remains, skeletal remain.

Lithogenous sediments

Sediments that come from pre existing rock.

Hydrogenous sediments

Sediments that precipitate out of water as it evaporates.

Litterol zone

Region between low tide and hide tide.

Nerritic zone

Shallow part of the part of the water.

Pelagic zone

the free open waters

Rocky shore

Shore line that has large waves and tends to erode small sediments and large pebbles and stones leaving only the largest rocks on the shore.

Sandy shore

Has a moderate slope and smaller waves. The wash away small sediments leaving behind sinde particles.

Flattest shore

Has smallest ripples its the muddy shore made up of silt clay.

Tides

rise and fall of sea level caused by gravitational forces between the earth and the sun and moon. Is affected because of one side of the earth the tide is pulled toward the moon and on opposite side there is an equal tide caused by inertia.

Diurnal tide

One high tide and one low tide a day.

Semidiurnal tide

two high tides and two low tides a day each reaching the same height.

Mixed semidiurnal tide

Two high tides and two low tides that reach different heights.

Neap tide

Its the largest tidal range. When the sun,earth, and moon from a 90 degree angel.

Spring tide

Its the smallest tidal range. When the sun,earth, and moon form an 180(straight line) degree angle.

Current

Directed movement of water.

Surface current

extends downward 200m and they tend to form large,rotating gyres.

Global conveyor belt/Deep water currents.

water that circulates through all ocean basins and move water across the bottom of the ocean, rising in certain areas to the surface to mix bottom water and surface water. *Is caused by thermohaline circulation.*

convection current

The movement of material due to density differences.

Doldrums

The area with little to no wind. Around 60 degrees.

Horse latitude

The area with little to no wind around 30 degrees.

Different types of winds in the earth

Polar Easterlies- GW between 60°-90° (N & S)

Westerlies- GW between 30°-60° (N & S)

Trade Winds- GW  between 0°-30°    (N & S)

Coriolis affect

An effect on an object moving through earth which tends deflect it from its inteded path.

What directions do the winds in the northern hemisphere go.

Counterclock wise

What directions do the winds in the southern hemisphere go.

Clock wise

Coriolis affect

Apparent deflection of an object when viewed in a rotating frame of reference

upwelling

upward movement of cold,nutrient rich bottom water.

El nino

Global climatic event. When water near equator and South America becomes warmer. This warm water creates a low pressure system which reverses trade winds this causes upwelling to stop in the coast of south america. It causes droughts and recieve plenty of rainf

Ocean basins

Are divided by the depths of the water going from epopolagic,mesopolagic, bathypolagic, then abbysialpolagic.

Atmospheric dissolution

when atmospheric gasses dissolve into the water. Due to the space between the atmosphere and the surface water gasses can also be realeased back into the atmosphere.

Coral reefs

Need a rocky surface to attach itself, warm water, clear so that since there is least turbidity more light can penetrate through, and shallow so that light can reach through for photosynthesis. Found mainly in tropical waters,

Reef building corals

Hard corals that have a mutualistic relationship with zooxanthalea. They create a calcium carbonate eskeleton to protect themselves. They are helpful because they provide for shelter and biodiversity. They protect shorelines from erosion because they decrease the wave energy of strong waves.

Fringing reef

Closest to the shore and in the shallowest water.

Barrier reef

Is separated from the shore of the mainland by shallow lagoon and divided into three parts.

Forereef

Is the part of the reef that faces the open ocean and slopes upward toward the reef crest, the highest point in the reef.

Reefcrest

After the reef crest is the back reef which slopes gradually downward towards the lagoon. Inside the lagoon there may be clumps of reef structure also known as patch reefs.

Atoll

circle or coral with a shallow lagoon in the middle and surrounded by deep ocean water. Usually volcaninc acitvies occur here.

Threats to coral reefs

The formation of carbonic acid lowers the ph of the ocean which is ocean acidification. This makes it hard for the corals to make their calcium carbonate skeletons. Additionally if there is a rise of 2 degrees C coral will bleach which means they lose their zooxanthellae.

Reef erosion

When coral reefs lose more calcium than it gains each year. It can be caused by damage to coral from large storms, dropping anchors on reef, mining, coral bleaching, and ocean acidifcation.

the shore

where the ocean meets the land

Rocky shore

Composed of rocks,sediments and large bolders. This gives the ecosystem stability which results in biodiversity. Different zones in the shore are influenced by the tides.

Splash zone

Highest zone on a rocky shore that is located above the average high tide and gets splashed with was as wave break on rocks. The organisms that live in the zone are used to extreme temperatures as the only recieve water occasionally.

Upper shore

Is the part submerged during the highest high tide but left dry the rest of the day. Not much diversity here.

Middle shore

Is submerged twice a day during the high tides and is splashed with water from breaking waves at other times. The diversity is higher in this area than the ones above it.

Lower shore zone

Almost always submerged the only time its exposed to air for a small period during the lowest tide of the day. The animals here cant resist drying out. This area has the highest biodiversity in the rocky shore ecosystem.

Sandy shore

Made up of small sediments, that often disrupted by waves moving making this habitat unstable, because organisms cant hang on to small sediments to hold on. Sandy shores have low biodiversity.

Muddy shore

Made up of small sediments such as slit and clay, it is unstable and has little biodiversity.Marine plant can stablize these shores by allowing animals to hold on and preventing erosion.

Mangrove forest

Is a tidal ecosystem, meaning the tidal flow is not too strong to wash away the saplings away. They grow in tropical areas where there is moderate temperature. Are threatened by coastal development

Red mangrove

Have a special adpatation known as prop roots, which stabilize the tree against the tidal flow. Lenticles(pores) on the roots also allow for gas exchange.

Importance of Mangroves

Allow for stability in the ecosystem because they reduce wave energy and protect coastlines from erosion. The also provide habitats for the organisms that live on the mangroves. They increase biodiversity.

Cnidarians

Are a group of organisms that have cnidocil(stinging cells). This group includes jellyfish and corals. They are usually corals.

Taxonomic Hierarchy

The organization known as taxanomic hierarchy

Levels of classification

Kingdom Domain Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species

Binomial Nomenclature

Is a two naming system made up of genus and species.

Dichotomous key

Series of yes or no questions to indentify an organism.

Zooplankton

Larger are heterotrophic known as drifters and the organism connecting the consumers to producers in a food chain.

Phytoplankton

Very small photosynthetic producers and base of many marine food chains, they produce most of the O2 in the ocean.

Echinoderms

Are important to the benthic system, they are bottom dwellers meaning they stay in the bottom of the ocean or stuck on a sturcture. They are mainly herbivores and filter out sediment. Some examples include sea stars, brittle stars, sea cucumbers, and urchins.

Corals relation w Zooxanthallea

Have mutualistic relationship with zooxanthellae that produces 90% of the corals food. The zooxanthellae are important for the coral because they produce a calcium carbonate skeleton to build a coral reef.

Crustaceans

A group of organisms that have a hard exoskeleton. This includes shrimps,crabs, lobsters. They filter sediment for organic material and clean parasites off of fish. And control the growth of algae since they feed on it.

Marine fish

Fish with bones(Osteichthyes) those with cartilage system (chondrichthyes). Talk about the marine parts of the fish

K strategists

Have few offspring but invest a substantial amount of energy to make sure they survive.

R-Strategists

Have many offspring but invest little energy in parenting.

Biodiversity

The amount of species that live in a particular ecosystem. The higher the biodiversity there will be more specific the ecological niche will be.

Ecological diversity

Is influence by the productivity, stability, and how extreme the environment is. This important for the ecosystem because the more diverse species means that there is higher chance of survival in the ecosystem.

Genetic diversity

All the different variations of a gene that exists in a reproductive population. Usually, there are two type of genes for each trait but some traits have multiple alleles.

Transect

Is a line that is stretched through an ecosystem and any individual, of the species is counted that touches the line. This line can be placed within the ecosystem in a random way such as computer generating mesurements.

Quadrat

A plastic or metal square divided into smaller squares is put down and any individual falling within the boundaries is counted.

Mark-release-recapture

Individuals are captured,counted, tagged, and then released. After a time period the species are once again captured and counted but the total number of inviduals and tagged inviduals are also counted, Then using the lincoln index the population is estimated.

The Lincoln index

N\= n1+n2/ m2 N\=estimated population n1\=all of the individuals captured, tagged, and released n2\=All of the individuals capture and the second time m2\=All of the marked indivduals recaptured during the second capture

D\=1-( ∑(n/N)²

D\=is the diversity index n\=is the number of individuals of each species N\= is the total number of individuals of all species ∑\=Is a mathmatical symbol that requires that the exprssion be added up.

kinetic particle theory

All matter is composed of atoms that are in motion and that the speed with which the particles in the matter move is directly related to the temperature of the matter and the physical state of the matter. The particles move slowest in solids and fastest in liquids.

Element

A substance that is made up of only one kind of atom

Molecule

When two or more atoms are bonded together