AP Biology Unit 4 Topics 1,2,3,4

These flashcards cover key concepts related to cell signaling, including receptor types, signal transduction pathways, and communication methods.

Ligand-gated ion channels

Receptors located in the plasma membrane that open or close in response to the binding of a ligand, allowing for the diffusion of specific ions.

G protein coupled receptors (GPCRs)

The largest category of cell surface receptors that, upon ligand binding, activate G proteins to initiate a cellular response.

Signal transduction pathways

The series of molecular events and chemical reactions that lead to a cellular response following the reception of a signal.

Reception

The first stage of cell signaling where a ligand binds to a receptor.

Transduction

The conversion of an extracellular signal to an intracellular signal within a cell.

Response

The final stage in cell signaling where the cellular process is altered as a result of the signal received.

Local signaling

Communication between cells that occurs over short distances, such as paracrine and synaptic signaling.

Long-distance signaling

Communication between cells that occurs over long distances, typically through hormones.

Second messengers

Small, non-protein molecules that amplify the signal in a signal transduction pathway.

Chemical stimulus

An external signal that can cause a ligand to bind to receptors, influencing the behavior of cells.