electoral college
representatives in each state who cast the final ballots that actually elect a pres
caucus
local gatherings of voters who vote at the end of the meeting for a particular candidate. Then it moves to nominating conventions
national convention
a party conclave (meeting) held in the presidential election year for the purpose of nominating a presidential and vice presidential ticket and adopting platform
party platform
set of principles, goals, and strategies designed to address pressing political issues.
critical election
an election that signals a party realignment through voter polarization around new issues; permanent new party takes over
electoral realignment
the change in voting patterns that occurs after a critical election
electoral de-alignment
parties breaking down voters & dealing w/parties (no real pattern anymore); voters move to nonpartisanship
national committee
an organization which is responsible for the day-to-day operation of the party at the national level, as determined by the Commission.
party machine
a party organization that recruits its members by the use of tangible incentivesâmoney, political jobsâand that is characterized by a high degree of leadership control over member activity.
primary election
voters decide which candidates within party will represent partyâs ticket in general election; (closed, open, blanket, runoff, nonpartisan)
closed primary
allow only partyâs registered voters to cast a ballot; prevent mems of a party from influencing primaries of other part; considered healthier for party system
open primary
allow independents (sometimes mems of other parties) to participate (crossover voting, reading)
blanket primary
voters allowed to vote in either partyâs primary (not both) on office-by-office basis
general election
voters decide which candidates will fill elective public offices. Held at many levels (country, state, national, etc)
Come in varieties b/c Americans perceive offices as different from each other
Sizing up pres elections, voter look for leadership &Â base judgment on foreign policy
Leadership qualities=vital for gubernatorial & mayoral candidates (state & local concerns)
straight ticket
voter chooses candidates from the same political party for every office up for election.
split ticket
vote for candidates of diff party for various offices in same election; result of decisions by voters abt candidatesâ pos on issues imp to them; ppl willing to vote for both types of candidates
Federal Election Committee (FEC)
independent regulatory agency responsible for administering, enforcing, defending and interpreting the Federal Election Campaign Act of 1971. 1 The Commission is also responsible for administering the federal public funding programs for Presidential campaigns.
lobbyist
a person who takes part in an organized attempt to influence legislators. Can lead to the proposal of new legislation, or the amendment of existing laws and regulations.
interest group entrepreneur
interest group organizer/leader
free rider problem
the burden on a shared resource that is created by its use or overuse by people who aren't paying their fair share for it or aren't paying anything at all
political action committee (PAC)
federally mandated, officially registered fundraising committee that represents interest groups in the political process; organizations are required to establish officially recognized fund-raising committees called PACs in order to participate in federal elections; Incumbents benefit the most from PAC; use contributions to punish legislators & affect policy in the short run
direct lobbying
attempt to influence existing/ proposed legislation through interactions w/: Any member (or staff) of a legislative body; Any other government official or employee (apart from a member of a legislative body) who may participate in formulating legislation.
grassroots lobbying
form of pressure-group activity that attempt to involve the people that bottom level of political system; used as term by professional lobbyists for their activities to camouflage an unpopular or unsympathetic clients
coalition building
an organization of diverse interest groups that join their human and material resources to produce a specific change that they are unable to deliver as independent individuals or separate organizations.
public interest group
An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy.
newsworthiness
whether or not a topic is interesting enough for people to want or need to know.
political agenda
is a list of subjects or problems (issues) to which government officials as well as individuals outside the government are paying serious attention to at any given time
Federal Communications Commission (FCC)
replaced FRC (all airwaves = pub property) in 1934; Composed of 5 members selected by pres for 5-yr terms; Independent regulatory agency; Oversees phone, telegraph, satellite, & foreign communications
equal access/time rule
requires broadcast stations to sell campaign airtime equal to their candidates; Exception: political debate
fairness doctrine
1949-1985; required broadcasters to be fair in news coverage events; had to cover events adequately & present contrasting views on imp pub issues
Broadcasters argued fairness = too difficult to define & 1st amend freedoms infringed upon;
\n Conventional vs. Unconventional Participation*
conventional participation is routine behavior that uses the institutional channels and is acceptable to the dominant culture (voting, signs in yard). Unconventional participation is relatively uncommon behavior that challenges or defies established institutions or the dominant culture Spray painting slogans on walls).
franchise
method of distributing products or services involving a franchisor, who establishes the brand's trademark or trade name and a business system, and a franchisee, who pays a royalty and often an initial fee for the right to do business under the franchisor's name and system.
Standard Socioeconomic Model
relationship between socioeconomic status and conventional political involvement: people with higher status and more education are more likely to participate than those with lower status.
referendum
state legislature submits proposed legislation to stateâs voters for approval
initiative
process that allows citizens to propose legislation & submit to state electorate for pop vote (as long as get certain # of signatures on petitions); used in 24 states & District of Columbia; intended to give more control over lawmaking to citizens
Voter Motor Law
required states to permit individuals to register by mail, not just in person
Allows citizens to register vote when they visit any motor-vehicles office, public assistance agency, or military recruitment division; inc voting turnout and made it easier
Ex: registering at the DMV
Political Socialization
process where one acquires particular political orientations; learning process where ppl get political beliefs & values
public opinion
what public thinks abt issues at a particular time
ideological beliefs
set of opinions or beliefs of a group or an individual. Often refers to a set of political beliefs or a set of ideas that characterize a particular culture. Capitalism, communism, socialism, and Marxism.
patronage
Jobs, grants, or other special favors that are given as rewards to friends and political allies for their support
spoils system
firing of public-office holders of a defeated political party and their replacement with loyalists of the newly elected party.
political consultant
one of the most imp positions when campaigning for office; professional manages campaigns & political advertisements for political candidate;
Sells to a candidate tech, services, & strategies required to get that candidate elected to office;
Candidates hire these people to oversee the entire campaign â responsible for formulating strategy, developing tactics, and fighting individual battles alongside the candidate;
Seem to have a large impact on the candidateâs fundraising abilities and final vote shares
coattail effect
tendency of lesser-known/weaker candidates lower on the ballot to profit in an election by the presence on the party's ticket of a more popular candidate.
disturbance theory
political scientist David B. Trumanâs theory that interest groups form in part to counteract the efforts of other groups
proportional representation
an electoral system where seats in a legislature or council are allocated to various interests in proportion to their strength in the electorate. Such a system might reward a group that is 15 percent of the electorate with roughly 15 percent of the seats in a legislature.
retrospective judgment
voter's evaluation of performance of party in power; makes sense (voters can evaluate record of office holders better than predicting the future)
prospective judgment
vote based on what candidate pledges to to abt an issue
Required electorate to examine views of rival candidates, then cast ballot for person they believe will best handle issues
Requires a lot of info about issues & candidates
Requirements: voters need an opinion on issue, have an idea of what action gov is taking on the issue, must see difference between parties on issue
recall
incumbent can be removed from office by pop vote; rare; AZ governor Mecham impeached 1988 for mishandling camping finances
Buckley vs. Valeo
struck down limits on spending by campaigns and citizens, but upheld the provision limiting the size of individual contributions to campaigns.
New York Times vs. Sullivan
Sullivan, took offense to the ad and sued the New York Times in an Alabama court. Sullivan argued that the ad had damaged his reputation, and he had been libeled. The Alabama court ruled in favor of Sullivan, finding that the newspaper had falsely represented the police department and Sullivan; holding that First Amendment freedom of speech protections limit the ability of public officials to sue for defamation
New York Times vs. United States
pentagon papers sent to Washington Post by Ellsburg; established only gov officials can be prosecuted for revealing classified info
Matching funds/federal subsidies
donations to the presidential campaigns from the federal government that are determined by the amount of private funds a qualifying candidate raises
Campaign Contribution
Research in political science shows that media coverage of the horse race affects campaign contributions to candidates; campaign contributions from ensure party discipline in voting
Campaign Expenditure
purchase, payment, distribution, loan, advance, deposit or gift of money or anything of value to influence a federal election
Bipartisan Campaign Reform Act of 2002/FECA
amends FECA by:
Banning dot money contributions
Increasing amount of hard money that individuals may donate
Imposing new restrictions on political advertising close to an election; national party committees = prohibited from accepting soft money donations; Closes legal loophole,
Incorporated entities = prohibited from financially electioneering communications
soft money
no cap on how much you can donate, but cap to the organizations/how many you can donate to; not subject to FECA regulation; campaign money raised apart from federal regulation and can be given directly to one candidate (SuperPACs)
hard money
campaign money raised for a specific candidate in federal elections and spent according to federal laws and restrictions; ex: can only donate a certain amount of $ to each campaign (PACs)
Issue advocacy ads
communications intended to bring awareness to a certain problem; can be paid for w/unregulated soft money
Independent expenditures
Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them; must be paid by hard money
Yellow Journalism
printing comic strip âYellow Kidâ in color; featured pictures, comics, color, and sensationalized, oversimplified news coverage.
Muckraking
form of newspaper publishing, in vogue in the early twentieth century, concerned with reforming government & business conduct; exposed gov misconduct
Started demands for inc regulation of pub trusts
Led to gossip w/o proof
Investigative Journalism
Watergate began chain reaction that allows for intense media scrutiny of public officialsâ private lives; shifted orientation of journalism away from mere description of things that happen to prescriptions & helping to set the campaignâs & societyâs agenda by focusing attention on the candidates' shortcomings as well as on certain social problems