Joyner Unit 5 test

Contains all key terms from UNIT 5 in my own words. The essay question is most likely either about slavery or the market revolution, likely the latter. I might have spelled all the different form of the word 'abolish' wrong but y'all are big enough to figure it out.

Andrew Jackson=?

Andrew Jackson=?

• Immigrant parents

• father died before his birth

• 2 elder brothers & mom died before the revolution when he was 14

• left the carolinas to be a lawyer in tennessee who specialized in land disputes of the backcountry

• elevated is societal status through the military

• “Champion of the common man”

• 7th US president

Mass democracy=?

• First popularized by Jackson

• “popularity of democracy across the masses”

• Goal: getting rid of property voting restrictions

The election of 1824=?

• Poor white men are allowed to vote (remember that the popular vote encourages electors)

• First election affected by Jackson

• The four major contenders: John Quincy Adams, Andrew Jackson, Henry Clay, William Crawford

• Jackson wins the electoral AND popular vote but not by absolute majority

• Clay hates Adams but arranges a deal with him were Adams gets votes and Clay gets to be his secretary of state →Adams wins

‘Log Cabin’ Propaganda=?

To win votes and popularity from the common folk, politicians (started by Jackson) associated themselves with more humble beginnings to be #relatable

• “I’m like you, not some fancy guy”

The Corrupt Bargain=?

Coined by Jackson as a term for Clay and Adams exchange deal (votes for secretary of state) and his imminent ‘revenge’ plot

The 2nd Adam’s Administration=?

• Son of former president John Adams

• alienated commoners and southerners

• wanted to fund a university and astronomy studies using taxpayer dollars

• wanted 45% tariffs

• tailored his economic policies to the north

• wanted to abolish slavery

• Wasn’t very popular with the people

Election of 1825=?

• Jackson mudslinging (trash talking) Adams: calls him a gambler and a pimp

• Adams rebutes: calls him a bigamist (polyamory participant) and the stress from the controversy causes Jackson’s wife to get sick and die

• Jackson wins for two terms and begins his revenge plots

• He had huge parties for his election (proves to the northerners that he is an uncivilized commoner)

Spoils System=?

“to the victors go the spoils of war”

• Jackson appointed anyone who was loyal to him in his office

Jackson ‘Kitchen Cabinet’=?

A team of unofficial advisors to Jackson, they were good friends/loyal people

John C. Calhoun=?

Jackson’s Vice President for one term, Senator in South Carolina, advocated for low tariffs

The Eaton Affair=?

Peggy O’Neil was a pretty and ‘flirty’ girl girl whose father owned a boarding house. She was a considered a whore by the people around. Marries John Timberlake, a US navy guy but they claimed that while he was deployed she was having an affair with John Eaton (Jackson’s secretary of war). Timberlake dies at sea and Peggy marriers Eaton. Controversy and assumptions ensue. Jackson defends Eaton but Calhoun avoids the Eatons which causes a falling out between them. Jackson’s trauma from his wife fuelled his anger in this situation.

Nullification crisis of 1832=?

Calhoun declares tariffs null and void in South Carolina, Jackson threatened him with an army and hanging, Calhoun backs down

Jackson’s feelings on paper money=?

Jackson HATES paper currency, the national bank, and foreign capital being in the national bank

Nicholas Biddle=?

The president of the national bank

The ‘pet bank’ crisis=?

Jackson, en route in his plan to destroy the national bank, vetoes any renewal policies. He wanted to withdraw the money from the national bank and distribute it to state ‘pet’ banks. Jackson fires his secretary of the treasury over this dispute (because he said he couldn’t do the withdrawal). Once the withdrawal is made the bank collapses and isn’t rechartered. Economy tanked following Jackson’s presidency.

The Indian Removal act=?

• Jackson hated native americans

• note that many displaced native groups lived in Georgia via different treaties

• To live on the land they have to assimilate into more European ways (which the Cherokee did)

• This act declared that all of them have to move to Oklahoma to clear the land for white settlers

• Taken to the supreme court by the Cherokee, who rules in the Cherokee’s favor

• Jackson ignores the courts ruling and gives them two years to vacate

The Trail of Tears (1836)=?

Forced brutal march from Georgia to Oklahoma during the winter as a result of the Indian Removal Act

• Many died on the way there, this is definitely an overlooked tragedy in American History

Eli Whitney=?

• Northerner

• Well-educated

• engineer and tutor in Georgia, where he noticed the difference in cotton (see different card) that was causing it to be too much of an investment gap

• Wanted to make cotton a more profitable and efficient industry, hence his invention the cotton gin

• also one of the innovations of the market revolution

The difference between the cottons=?

• Long staple cotton grows on the coast, has less seeds, was the most profitable before the cotton gin

• Short staple cotton grows in the interior of Georgia, had too many seeds that took too much labor and investment to yield a large profit

The Cotton Gin=?

• Invented by Eli Whitney

• makes the refining of cotton more efficient

• eventually leads to industrial cotton gins and the cotton boom

The ‘black belt’ of the south=?

• A nutrient rich black soil good for cotton from Virginia to Louisiana

• Many people migrated there for profit

• forced migration of MANY slaves into the horrible and heated working conditions under the gang system

The Second Middle Passage=?

• The cotton boom throws the need for slave labor through the roof

• Forced mass migration of slaves to cultivate cotton

• Increased break-up of families

• Virginia planters had phased out of tobacco in favor of the less labor intensive wheat and the cotton boom stimulated the selling of their slaves (at higher prices making a profit off of surplus slaves)

• Adds another leverage from slave to owner (“you disobey and I sell you down the river”)

• Increased southern attachment to slavery

King Cotton=?

South’s attachment to the profit that comes from slave labor and cotton production.

• By 1840 50% of all american exports were cotton and ¾ of Great Britain’s cotton supply came from the US

• 1/5 of Great Britain’s workforce was in the cotton-fueled textile industry

• “Cotton is King”

The Gag Rule (1836-1844)=?

Many people sent anti-slavery petitions to congress but the South had more votes so no action happened

• The ‘indefinitely no more slavery talk’ rule

‘The Peculiar Institution’=?

South basically saying that slavery is “an odd southern thing, you wouldn’t get it in north”

“A Positive Good”=?

John C Calhoun’s defense of slavery, says that the slaves are happy and civilized, every plantation is a community with happy slaves and masters (no battle between labor and capital like in the north)

Nonviolent forms of Slave resistance=?

Slow the working pace and running away

Gabriel Prosser=?

• A slave working as a blacksmith, sometimes loaned out to Richmond

• Gabriel’s Rebellion: A slave rebellion plan to take Richmond and then escape to Haiti (which was run by former slaves as a result of a mass slave rebellion), failed

Denmark Vesey=?

• Woodsman that was loaned out to the city

• got money from his work sometimes and won the lottery

• Bought his freedom with his winnings and tried to plot a rebellion that would kill enough white people to hijack a ship to Haiti

Charleston and his grand idea to stop slave rebellions=?

He funded a military school to have an army that would be able to put down slave rebellions

Nat Turner=?

• A slave who was a ‘minister’ (among other slaves, not official by the racist church)

• led a violent slave rebellion with indiscriminate killing (60 white people died)

Abolitionism=?

• Fringe movement

• Abolition of slavery

• convinced southerners that all northerners were abolitionists

• Note that the did NOT think that they (the white people) were equal to black people

William Wilberforce=?

• Main voice in Britain for the abolishment of slavery

• In parliament

• Great Britain and the US stopped the international slave trade in 1807

• in 1833 slavery is abolished in most of the British colonies

• Britain compensated owners for the loss of their ‘property’ (the freeing of their slaves)

• died days after the measurements were passed

William Lloyd Garrison=?

Main initial voice for abolition in the US in his paper The Liberator (key term) which solely focused on the evils of slavery

Fredrick Douglass=?

• Runaway slave from Maryland who found freedom in Massachusetts

• Main voice for abolitionism

• educated

• Meets and impresses WIlliam Lloyd Garrison who encouraged him to be an active voice for abolitionism to give first hand accounts as a former slave to traction for the movement

The Underground Railroad=?

A complex system that helps slaves reach freedom

• a lot is unknown about it because it is a secret

• byproduct of increased slave runaways and abolitionists

Harriet Tubman=?

• Runaway slave

• Underground Railroad conductor responsible for freeing 300 slaves on her own

• one of the first people to stimulate the Underground Railroad

The Market Revolution=?

Umbrella term to define a major change in the American working system, communication, and the exchange of goods and services

• the first half of the 19th century (1800’s)

• Technology boosts this revolution

The innovation of Fulton=?

• Patent of the steamboat

• boats can move people AND goods

• Perishable goods could go further

the innovation of Cyrus McCormick=?

• Patent of the mechanical reaper

• great for wheat production industry

• attaches to animals of labor (ex. Ox) and reapes and stacks it

the innovation of Morse=?

Telegraphic communication

• Morse code

the innovation of Fields=?

Telegraphic communication

• Transatlantic telegraph line (from the US-Britain)

• First message was “What Hath God Wrought”

Americans and exposure before the Market revolution=?

Most americans had limited marketplace exposure BEFORE the innovations

A Market Revolution Microcosm John Jacob Astor=?

• He is America’s First Millionaire

• Immigrant

• wealthy through the fur trade and New York real estate

• self-made

• loved Phyfe furniture

A Market Revolution Microcosm Duncan Phyfe=?

• Made high quality copies of European luxury furniture for a cheaper price

• Had a company of 100 employees in his workshop

• Basically he started the boss-employee system we know today (people weren’t their own bosses anymore, they became a worshipper of the wage)

“Going to work”=?

Going to work for others was a new concept introduced through the Market Revolution

• more urban centered work

• It used to be get up and work on the farm where you lived, so you only really went to town if you needed something, but this revolution introduced the LEAVING to go to a different place of work

“Wage Slavery”=?

People began being paid with money instead of working for survival, so they became beholden to a wage controlled by somebody else for their survival which gave the employers leverage and encouraged critics of the Market Revolution.

Bartleby, The Scriver: A Story of Wall Street=?

A story representing the changes towards capitalism that make people uncomfortable and reminds the working Americans that they have power (even as a cog in the machine, it would fall apart without you).

• Shows a microcosm/center of the Market Revolution

The 2nd Great Awakening=?

Wanted to make people (men) more:

• God-fearing

• Upstanding

• better educated

• perfect

• introspective (self-evaluation)

Responds to the excess of the Market Revolution.

Preachers of the 2nd Great Awakening=?

• Finney: North

• Cartwright: South

Promote Christianity, abolitionist ideals, self perfection

Adventism=?

William Miller claims that when Christ will return, he tells people to join him or they will end up in hell.

• The Great Day of Disappointment: Miller claimed that the day of Christ’s return was October 27, 1844. You can assume the rest from the title of the day.

Mormonism=?

Joseph Smith introduces an entirely new text to Christianity called “The Book of Mormon” which he got from a vision about angels telling him to transcribe it on tablets.

• Seen as a heretic

• Claimed to be a prophet

• Polygamy was prevalent

• Now called the “Jesus Christ Church of Latter Day Saint” because the term “Mormon” had a cult-ish connotation

Utopianism=?

Little pockets of “communist” communities

• Utopias

Shaker Community=?

• Off shot of Quakerism

• Named from the dance they do during worship service

• Reject worldly materialism

• Community work

• They made simple and functional furniture

• Obsession with cleanliness

• Abstinence followers

Oneida Community=?

• Centered in New York

• Founded by John Humphrey Noyes

• Claimed man could be perfect through God

• Complex marriage (no monogamy allowed)

• Used eugenics to create the ‘perfect’ children

• made silverware

Temperance movement=?

Aimed to get rid of alcohol due to the rising number of alcoholics.

• Alcohol disrupts the home life and sometimes encourages domestic violence

• ‘Satan’s Brew’

• Women led this movement (mostly because they were the ones being abused)

Susan B. Anthony=?

Advocate for Women’s Right to vote

Elizabeth Cady Stanton=?

Made an impactful speech at the Seneca Falls Convention using the words of the Declaration of Independence in defining the wrongs of men on women.

Seneca Falls Convention=?

A convention to address the problems women were facing

The education contributions of Mann=?

• In Massachusetts

• “Father of the public education system”

• Most children would work/were used for labor past a certain age (on the farm)

• Rudimentary curriculum ( 3 r’s: reading, (w)‘riting, (a)‘rithmetic)

• Funded by taxpayers

• started the first education department

• sought to improve teacher standards keep kids in school longer, and get a better curriculum

The education contributions of McGufferey=?

Made the textbooks used for public education and spread American and Christian values to kids (mostly to assimilate immigrant kids)

• Reading, writing, and grammar books

The education contributions of Webster=?

Lexicographer who made a dictionary for American-English

Why have these sudden educational contributions=?

The idea was that people are confused by change because they aren’t properly educated, but the goal was to produce more productive workers

Transcendentalism=?

Literary movement focused on self-evaluation and nature.

• Nature is true and alive so you can connect with it (not all these new man-made machines)

• combat industry and be self-reliant

Emerson and Thoreau=?

• English 11CC coming in clutch here, we know a lot about these guys

• They were the head honchos of the self-reliance, moral reevaluation, and connection with nature

Martin Van Buren=?

• Candidate for the Democratic-Republican party

• A buddy of Jackson who rode the coattails of his success with the people to a victory in the presidential election in 1836 becoming the 8th president of the US

• Because of Jackson’s pet banks that loaned out federal money, people began to overpay for westward migration and lost a lot

• He did almost nothing during his presidency other than say “Hmm… what would Jackson do?”

William Henry Harrison=?

• Whigs candidate for the 1840 presidential election

• Claimed to be a “champion of the common man” like Jackson with his war victories in the battles against native people in tippecanoe

• John tyler is his running mate for regional balance

• Peaceful transition of power between parties

• Short-lived because he gave a long inauguration speech in the cold and rain that leads to his untimely illness and death

“Tippecanoe and Tyler too!”=?

Harrison and Tyler’s running slogan

James K Polk=?

• The Democratic-Republican candidate for the election of 1844

• Policy of Manifest Destiny (key term) or the idea that America is destined to stretch coast to coast

Polk’s 3 main promises=?

• “54’40’ or fight!” (key term): Settle the border disputes in Northwestern America and Canada (Britain) and the fight comes from (This ended up being settled diplomatically)

• Polk assuring that America will get the better end of the deal

• Annex/absorb Texas

• Wants to acquire California

Who annexed Texas?

John Tyler during the lame duck period

The Empresario System=?

• Mexican government immigration system

• Empresario: basically a government hired realtor who gets commissions and land to get legal American immigration into Texas (which was owned by Mexico)

• The rules are: You have to know Spanish, you have to give up your American citizenship for a Mexican citizenship, and no slavery

“Filibustering”=?

The act of armed men going into a foreign territory and claiming that territory for their own country

• In our case the people were acting of their own volition and were not sanction by the US government, many were cotton-growing slave owners that wanted to expand into Texas

The Alamo (1836)=?

An old Spanish mission turned fort in San Antonio

• All of the Americans were killed by the Mexican government which just ended up fueling more ‘liberty’ fighters

Sam Houston=?

Leads Texas (the Americans) to victory at the Battle of San Jacinto (an all or nothing battle)

• First Texan President

• Rallying cry was “Remember the Alamo”

The Slidell Mission=?

James Slidell (a US representative) offer Mexico 25 million dollars for California. Mexico, still upset over the loss of Texas, refuses. Failed mission.

Zachary Taylor=?

Ordered by Polk to establish a for near the Rio Grande over the Nueces

Rio Grande Border Dispute=?

Mexico declared that their border was at the Nueces but the US said it was at the Del Norte or Rio Grande.

Mexican-American War=?

• James Buchanan claims that it is a “border war not for conquest” (a lie)

• Commences after the attack on the Rio Grande fort

• Lasts from 1846-1848

• US wins with a secured surrender and acquires manifest destiny through newly gained territories

• This war featured many future prominent Civil war people

Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo=?

• Mexico gets to keep the land that is now modern day Mexico

• Modern day California, Arizona, and New Mexico go to the US

• Mexico has to acknowledge that Texas is a part of the US

The Wilmot Proviso=?

• Bill attachment

• wanted financial support for the Mexican-American War and funding for new territories to not be slave states

• The failure of it encouraged the expansion of slave states

• It got blocked in the senate