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Jean-Auguste-Dominique Ingres, Napoleon on his Imperial Throne, 1806 17
The painting of Napoleon shown above portrays him as which of the following?
a) an imperial ruler
b) a ruthless military conqueror
c) a enlightened absolutist
d) a competent bureaucrat
a) an imperial ruler
"To Versailles like bragging lads. We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital."
Song of the poissardes (Paris market Women), October 1789
The events referred to in the song led most directly to which of the following?
a) the creation of a republican government in france
b) the formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France
c) the installation of napoleon as emperor of the french
d) the restoration of the bourbon monarchy
b) the formalization of a constitutional monarchy in France
The author of nature ties together all mortals in an immense chain of love and felicity.
May the tyrants who dared break it perish!
Republican Frenchmen, it is up to you to purify the land they have soiled and to recall the justice they have banished. Liberty and virtue sprang together from the breast of the divinity, and one cannot remain among men without the other.
Generous people, do you want to triumph over your enemies? Practice justice and render the divinity the only cult worthy of it. People, today let us give ourselves over, under its auspices, to the just transports of a pure happiness, Tomorrow we will again combat vices and tyrants; we will give the world the example of republican virtues. And in doing this we honor it again.
Maximilien Robespierre, Speech on the Festival of the Supreme Being, 1794
Some ideas seen in robespierre's speech above are a continuation of
a) machiavelli's idea that for a prince, the end justifies the means
b) the emphasis put on greek and roman philosophies
c) the renaissance ideal of civic humanism
d) the ideal of the man of virture who excels at all things
c) the renaissance ideal of civic humanism
the main purpose of the womens march to versailles in octobor 1789 was to
a) provide the national assembly and the king with a declaration of support
b) protest the lack of representation for women in the national assembly
c) ensure the kings support for the declaration of rights and cheap bread for paris
d) present the womens concerns to marie antoinette
c) ensure the kings support for the declaration of rights and cheap bread for paris
in regard to the catholic church, the national assembly
a) left the institution alone
b) abolished the faith in france
c) passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen
d)increased its power dramatically in france
c) passed legislation that secularized church offices and clergymen
napoleons grand empire
a) had no long standing impact on the conquered countries
b) revived the power of the nobility and the clergy in all states
c) included all of europe with the defeat of britian in 1805
d) was composed of three different parts but united under the rule of napoleon
d) was composed of three different parts but united under the rule of napoleon
image depicting scenes of war and occupation
a historian would be most likely to use the two images as evidence that the napoleonic wars
a) affected civilians in germany less severely than they did civilians in spain
b) led artists in both spain and germany to experiment with new styles and subject matter
c) brought about resistance to french rule in spain but not in germany
d) inspired nationalist sentiment in both germany and spain
d) inspired nationalist sentiment in both germany and spain
"Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas....
[Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy."
Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986
in the first paragraph, stromberg most clearly criticizes which of the following historical interpretations of the french revolution?
a) the french revolution was primarily motivated by short-term fiscal crises
b) the french revolution was an example of social darwinist concepts of struggle
c) the french revolution was primarily motivated by cultural nationalism
d) the french revolution was an example of class conflict
d) the french revolution was an example of class conflict
robespierre considered all of the following to be "enemies" of revolutionary france except
a) peasants involved in the vendean rebellion
b) marie antoinette
c) members of the committee of public safety
d) olympe de gouges
c) members of the committee of public safety
"Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas.... [Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy."
Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986
Historians disagreeing with Stromberg and making the argument that the French Revolution was based on Enlightenment values would most likely cite which of the following as evidence in support of their position?
a) The Concordat of 1801 between the French government and the Roman Catholic Church
b) The suppression of the counterrevolutionary peasant revolts in the Vendée region of France
c) The issuing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
d) The French attempts to suppress the revolt in the colony of Saint Domingue
c) The issuing of the Declaration of the Rights of Man and Citizen
"From this moment...all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn linen into lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic."
Decree issued by the republican government of France, August 23, 1793
the french government issued the decree primarily in response to
a) domestic unrest and foreign aggression against the radical Revolutionary government
b) opposition to the trial of the French royal family by the French government
c) the use of new military tactics and technologies by opponents of the French Revolution
d) the lack of female support for the ideals of the french revolution
a) domestic unrest and foreign aggression against the radical Revolutionary government
The lists of grievances, or cahiers de doléances, brought by the members of the Estates-General to Versailles in 1789 called for
a) tax equity
b) the immediate overthrow of louis xvi
c) the separation of church and state
d) renewal of provincial and city charters
a) tax equity
All of the following are accurate statements concerning the Estates-General except
a) the third estate made up about 50 percent of the french revolution
b) the first estate was the clergy
c) the estates-general met versailles in 1789
d) the first and second estates each had about 300 delegates in the estates-general
a) the third estate made up about 50 percent of the french revolution
"To Versailles like bragging lads. We brought with us all our guns We had to show, though we were but women, A courage that no one can reproach us for. Now we won't have to go so far When we want to see our King. We love him with a love without equal, Since he's come to live in our Capital."
Song of the poissardes (Paris market Women), October 1789
The poissardes and other participants in the events described in the song were motivated most strongly by which of the following?
a) The desire to institute free-market principles in the French economy
b) The fear that Enlightenment ideas about government would undermine the basis of monarchy
c) The failure of France to gain substantial advantages from its wars with Britain
d) An economic crisis brought about by food shortages
d) An economic crisis brought about by food shortages
"From this moment...all Frenchmen are in permanent requisition for the services of the armies. The young men shall fight; the married men shall forge arms and transport provisions; the women shall make tents and clothes and shall serve in the hospitals; the children shall turn linen into lint [for bandages]; the old men shall betake themselves to the public squares in order to arouse the courage of the warriors and preach hatred of kings and the unity of the Republic."
Decree issued by the republican government of France, August 23, 1793
In subsequent years, the French government used the institutions created by the decree to
a) encourage internal debate concerning the proper course of the revolution in France
b) start nationalist uprisings in countries outside of France
c) attempt to spread French Revolutionary ideals throughout Europe
d) justify the granting of greater political and legal rights to women
c) attempt to spread French Revolutionary ideals throughout Europe
In regard to religion, the Directory
a) Pursued an anti-Protestant policy
b) Restored privileged status to the clergy
c) Reached an agreement with the Pope to re-Catholicize France
d) Reversed anti-religious policies of the Convention
d) Reversed anti-religious policies of the Convention
A historian would be most likely to use the two images as evidence that the Napoleonic Wars
a) led artists in both Spain and Germany to experiment with new styles and subject matter
b) affected civilians in Germany less severely than they did civilians in Spain
c) inspired nationalist sentiment in both Germany and Spain
d) brought about resistance to French rule in Spain but not in Germany
c) inspired nationalist sentiment in both Germany and Spain
The Crystal Palace, shown above, was built in London in 1851 primarily as
a) memorial to those who fought in the Crimean War
b) celebration of British technological and economic dominance
c) performance hall for musicals and opera
d) private summer residence for the royal family
b) celebration of British technological and economic dominance
Which of the following would still be a reason that some areas of Europe still faced famines and rural poverty in the mid-nineteenth century?
a) The persistence of primitive landowning patterns that divided the same amount of land into ever-smaller plots
b) The dominance of agricultural elites in the less industrialized areas
c) the decreasing population growth
d) the increased urbanization of western europe
a) The persistence of primitive landowning patterns that divided the same amount of land into ever-smaller plots
Which of the following ideological groups would have been most in support of government intervention to help alleviate the famine?
a) liberals
b) nationalists
c) conservatives
d) suffragists
a) liberals
Which of the following was a result of renovation of cities such as Paris?
a) Compulsory education and the increased building of schools
b) modernization of infrastructure
c) Rapid industrialization, creating the need for a more modern city
d) Increased government regulation of public health
b) modernization of infrastructure
Which of the following would be the best reason why industry did not develop in eastern and southern Europe around the same time as in western Europe?
a) Eastern and southern Europe lacked coal reserves
b) Conservatives in eastern and southern Europe suppressed movements for change
c) Eastern and southern Europe did not benefit as much as western Europe from changes in agriculture during the 18th century
d) Eastern and southern Europe had too many ethnic groups opposed to industrialization
c) Eastern and southern Europe did not benefit as much as western Europe from changes in agriculture during the 18th century
"Historians had imposed on the Old Regime a [model] drawn from a later age, one that did not fit that earlier epoch. They had looked into the mirror of their own age rather than into the past, and they had seen Rockefeller and Lenin rather than the real Necker and Voltaire, thus misreading the whole code.... When historians construed the Parisian sans-culottes of the Revolution as an incipient proletariat they also mistook reality by importing later ideas....
[Furthermore, in contradiction to those arguing for the intellectual origins of the Revolution] no direct connection between Enlightenment ideas and French Revolutionary events has ever been demonstrated. Some points that emerge are that the word 'revolution' was not in the philosophe vocabulary; they neither expected nor welcomed the Revolution that came. An affair more of the nobility than the commoners, philosophe thought did not call into serious question the existing social order and preferred to work through the monarchy."
Roland Stromberg, historian, "Reevaluating the French Revolution," 1986
A Marxist historian arguing against the contention regarding the sans-culottes in the first paragraph would most likely cite which of the following as evidence?
A.) The sans-culottes’ identity as rooted in their socioeconomic status
B.) The sans-culottes’ involvement in the storming of the Bastille
C.) The sans-culottes’ attacks on the foreign mercenaries employed by Louis XVI
D.) The sans-culottes’ support for a popularly elected democratic government
A.) The sans-culottes’ identity as rooted in their socioeconomic status.
“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize hte rules established by earlier generatiosn that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820
Based on teh letter and its context, Metternich most clearly supported which of hte following principles?
A.) The maintenance of traditional social structures and values
B.) The right to national self-determination
C.) The application of scientific laws to society
D.) The redistribution of resources and wealth
A.) The maintenance of traditional social structures and values
“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize the rules established by earlier generations that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820
Which of the following is Metternich most strongly critiquing in his letter?
A.) Utilitarianism
B.) Utopian socialism
C.) Mercantilism
D.) Skepticism
D.) Skepticism
“Experience has no value for the arrogant man; faith is nothing to him. He substitutes for faith a pretended individual conviction, and he dispenses with all inquiry and study. For inquiry and study appear too trivial to a mind that believes itself strong enough to embrace at one glance all questions and all facts. Laws have no value for him, because he has not made them. Besides, he thinks it would be beneath a man like him to recognize hte rules established by earlier generatiosn that he considers rude and ignorant. Instead, he believes that power resides in himself alone.”
Klemens von Metternich, letter to Tsar Alexander I, 1820
Metternich likely expressed these sentiments in a letter to the tsar because of
A.) Russia’s close cooperation with Austria against the Ottoman Empire
B.) Russia’s strong support for the Concert of Europe after the Congress of Vienna
C.) Russia’s support for Slavic independence movements in the Balkans
D.) Russia’s expansionist aims in Central and East Asia
B.) Russia’s strong support for the Concert of Europe after the Congress of Vienna
Which of the following is an accurate description of the outcome of the Paris Commune?
A.) The Commune overthrew Napoleon III
B.) The Commune successfully defended Paris against the Prussian army
C.) The Commune successfully established a liberal democratic government in France
D.) The Commune was crushed by the French army
E.) The Commune promoted a reconciliation between French Catholics and socialists
D.) The Commune was crushed by the French army
