ARCH 249 Exam #

Olmec culture

Lasted form 1500-400 BCE
In south-central Mexico
Agriculture
Among first Mesoamerican civilizations
Ceremonial centers
Platforms and courts
Ritual ball games
Colossal Heads (basalt)

Teotihuacan

Mexico
later Aztecs; "city of the Gods"
imitates sacred mountain (Cerro Gordo)
1st large city-state in Americas
Major urban area
orthogonal planning
Observe astronomical signs
"Avenue of the Dead" (Pyramid of the Sun and Moon)

Mayan culture

In Mexico, Belize, Honduras, and Guatemala
Chichen Itza
Sacrifice

Talud Tablero

Found on temple of the feathered serpent (Quetzalcoatl)
First is a slanted vertical piece of stone going up the pyramid
Second is rectangular piece of stone jutting out over the first

Tikal (Guatemala)

Location of "Temple I:
tomb in bedrock (Ruler A)
9 levels (Mayan underworld?)
temple at the top
"roof comb"

Rome: Old St. Peter's

Demolished 16th century CE
Plan = Basilica (Lawcourt) Type
Built over grave of St. Peter
A = Atrium
B = Narthex
C = Nave
D = Aisles
E = Transept
F = Apse

Rome: Church of Santa Sabina

Basilica Plan
A = Nave
B = Apse
C = Triumphal Arch
D = Clerestory
E = Arcade
F = Aisles

Rome: Santa Costanza

Central-Plan Church
Originally Mausoleum of Constantia
later converted to church (10th century)
Composite Capitals - Corinthian + Ionic

Ravenna: S. Apollinare Nuovo

Mosaic shows miracle of loaves & fishes
Jesus as young man
Wears purple cloak = symbolism of Roman Emperor
Below clerestory = Female Saints on left | Male saints on right
Roof = Miracles on left | Passion on right
Architectural decoration: mosaics

Ravenna: Mausoleum of Galla Placidia

Exterior has continuous arcade of blind arches
Central dome on pendentives
Interior barrel-vaulted arms
Cruciform (cross-shaped)
Mosaic of Good Shepard

Ravenna: Orthodox Baptistery

Octagonal plan, with niches
Central-plan
Domed octagon
Eight as symbol of regeneration
Decorative use of blind arches on exterior
Baptismal Font
Dome shows baptism of Christ, surrounded by 12 apostles

Hagia Sophia | Istanbul, Turkey

Early Byzantine Period
Dome supported on pendentives
Two half domes
Four smaller half-domes at corners
Sanctuary apse
PATRONS: JUSTINIAN & THEODORA
ARCHITECTS: ANTHEMIUS & ISIDORUS

Ravenna: San Vitale

Early Byzantine Period
Central-Plan | Domed octagon
A = Apse mosaic of Christ enthroned, flanked by angels, Saint Vitalis and Bishop Ecclesius, with model of the church
B = North wall of apse | Emperor Justinian, church officials, soldiers
C = South wall of apse | Empress Theodora & attendants
D = Bishop Ecclesius with model of the church

Hosios Loukas Monastery | Greece

Katholikon - Early 11th century
Theotokos Late 20th century
Middle Byzantine Period
Kufic (or kufesque) brickwork
Kufic = patterns inspired by Arabic Kufic script but used in Middle Byzantine church
Decorative | Exotic | Adaptations to Christian audience?
Cloisonne masonry
Thetokos - Cross-in-square plan | Dome on pendentives
Katholikon - Dome on squinches | Theotokos Panakranta ("all-merciful")
Dome fresco - Christ Pantokrator (replaces original mosaic)

Dome of The Rock | Jerusalem, Israel

First monumental architecture in Islam
Exterior Tiles - 16th century
Interior: Original Mosaics
Geometric & floral motifs (arabesques)
Calligraphy
Qur'an (Koran)
Central plan | derived from Roman & Byzantine precedents | well-suited to circumambulation

Great Mosque of Damascus

Built on site of roman temple of Jupiter
As well as church of St John the Baptist
1 = Qibla wall (towards Mecca)
2 = Mihrab (prayer niche, towards Mecca)
3 = Courtyard (sahn) with fountain surrounded by arcade
4 = Hypostyle prayer hall (haram)
Use of squinches

Great Mosque (Mezquita) of Cordoba

Abd al-Rahman I
On location of earlier Visigoth Christian church
Raised ribs | Calligraphy
Mihrab dome | Squinches w/ lobed arches | Mosaic decoration (floral)
Mihra | Maqsura | Arcade
Interlaced arches | Lobed Arches
Horshoe arches w/ polychrome voussoirs
Haram = Prayer Hall
Reused Roman & Visigoth columns (spoila)

Friday Mosque (Masjid-I Jami) | Isfahan, Iran (Four Iwan Plan)

Large towers = minarets
Entrance - Pointed Arch | Muqarnas
ABCD = Iwans (FOUR IWAN PLAN)
Iwan = Chamber w/ arched opening
Qibla Iwan

Palatine Chapel

Aachen, Germany
Carolingian Architecture | Central plan: domed octagon
Octagonal cloister vault (eight curving triangular segments in dome)
Symbolism of 8
Throne for emperor Charlemagne in gallery
8 piers on ground floor | polychrome stone revetments
book-matches marbles | arcade of rounded arches
polychrome voussoirs | Latin inscriptions
2nd floor gallery with arches opening
2 tiers of Corinthian columns (possible reused from Roman palace in Ravenna) = spoila = symbolism of recycled elements

Plan of St. Gall

Plan of IDEAL monastery from Library at St. Gall, Switzerland
made by Abbot Haito of Reichenau
for Abbot Gozbert of Saint Gall
* OLDEST surviving architectural drawing from medieval period
Church at heart of monastery connected to dormitory
Double-ended basilica with a western hemicycle flanked by twin cylindrical towers
Program sets forth major components of religious community

St. Michael's at Hildesheim, Germany

Early Romanesque Architecture
Tower, Nave & Clerestory, Aisles, Apse
Bishop Bernward
Double Apse | East: Altar | West: raised platform for emperor
Flat ceiling (with wooden truss system), clerestory windows, aisles separated from nave by arcade with piers and column
Alternate-support system

St Michael's Bronze Doors

16 panels (8+8)
Scenes based on illustrated Bible
L: Genesis | Original Sin
R: Life of Jesus | Redemption

Speyer Cathedral | Imperial Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption and St. Stephen

Lombard bands | Blind arches
Original wooden ceiling replaced by groin vaults separated by transverse arch bands
Alternating engaged columns and pilasters connect aisle to clerestory

San Miniato al Monte

Florence, Italy (Tuscany)
Interior arcade | Clerestory | Diaphragm arches | Wooden truss | Ceiling | Polychrome marbles | Revetment
Facade design:
Arcade on Corinthian columns
Nave is higher than aisles
facade looks like small temples w/ Corinthian pilaster & pediment, small aedicula in center
Use of dark and light stone also goes back to ancient Roman architecture
Notice trompe l'oeil "doors" between real doors

San't Ambrogio

Milan, Italy (Tuscany)
Lombard bands
Ribbed groin vaults used above nave
Octagonal dome with windows at east
Atrium to west | 2-story narthex with arches | 2 western bell towers | nave has vaulted bays | aisles have galleries above | octagonal dome | central apse with smaller chapels at back

St Foy

Romanesque Architecture of France
Conques, France
Reliquary of St. Foy
Romanesque church was built under the leadership of Abbot Odoloric
Situated along the pilgrimage route to Santiago de Compostela
Portal w/ sculpted tympanum depicting the Last Judgement
To right of Christ is Mary, St. Peter, Charlemagne, and his family
Heavenly city (left) Hell (right)
western facade w/ towers

Cathedral of Saint-Lazare

Autun, France
Benedictine church, founded from the Benedictine Abby at Cluny
A = trumeau
B = Pilaster
C = Colonette
D = Capital
E = Tympanum
F = Archivolt

Church of Ste. Madeleine

Vezelay, France
Sculpted capital from the south aisle ("Mystic Mill")
Moses (left) and Paul are shown grinding grain, an allegory for the reconciliation of the Old and New Testaments through the actions of Christ

Cistercian Abbey at Fontenay

Cistercian order
Stricter observance of Benedictine Rule
12th century, Bernard of Clairvaux
Monasteries away from any settlement
Orderly plans based upon square module

Durham Cathedral | Cathedral of St. Cuthbert

Durham, England
Anglo-Norman Romanesque style
A = Nave
B = Cylindrical columns
C = Compound piers
D = Arcade
E = Pointed arches septpartite (7-segment) ribbed vaults between transverse pointed arches
F = Quadrant Vault
Romanesque but with innovations:
Pointed Arch | Rib vaulting | buttresses above the aisles
=> Foreshadows the "Gothic" style

Abbey Church of St. Denis (St. Dionysios)

Abbot Suger
Inspired by descriptions of the temple of Solomon and Hagia Sophia, writings of St. Denis
Rib vaults | Pointed arches | slender columns

Cathedral of Notre Dame

Paris, France
Gothic Style (FLYING BUTTRESS)
Ile de las cite | basilica-plan church | Bishop Maurice de Sully

Watson Brake

Louisiana | c. 3500 BCE (Archaic Period)
11+ earthen mounds & connecting ridges
= earliest monumental architecture in North America (so far)
built over centuries by hunter-gatherer society
season occupation, function?
Similar to:
Stonehenge | Newgrange | White Temple at Uruk

Poverty Point

Louisiana | c. 1700-1100 BCE (archaic period)
Artificially made mounds
5 concentric semicircles w/ houses
Plaza for ceremonies
Earthen mounds ABCE
Orientation:
Bayou Marcon
N-S axis of mounds EAB
Solar alignment at solstices?
Mound A:
T-shaped from above
Bird?
Earth Island?
Constructed by hg society, evidence of trading network

Serpent Mound

Adams County, Ohio
c. 300 BCE (Early Woodland: Adena Culture)
c. 1000 BCE (Fort Ancient Culture)
Layer of clay, ash, rocks, & soil | no burials in mound itself, but some nearby | possible alignments | symbolism for agricultural society

Cahokia

Illinois
c. 1000 CE
Mississippian Culture
largest city north of Mexico
"Monk's Mound"

Cliff Palace at Mesa Verse

Colorado
Ancestral Pueblo culture
150 rooms
rectangular rooms; stone masonry
subterranean, circular kivas
A = sipapu
B = fire pit
C = deflector
D = vent
E = banquette
F = roof support

Pueblo Bonito

New Mexico
Ancestral Pueblo culture
600-800 rooms
rectangular rooms, stone masonry
subterranean; kivas
T-shaped doorway

Temple of the Inscriptions (House of the Nine Sharpened Spears)

Palenque, Mexico
"palace"
temple at the top
stairway down to tomb
Lord Pacal

Chichen Itza

Yucatan, Mexico
Postclassic Northern Maya
Itza Culture
El Caracol "The Snail"
El Castillo "The Castle"