Rome

Punic

Roman word for Carthage’s ancestors, the Phoenicians

The Punic Wars

3 major periods of war, not constant fighting

Carthage fears Rome will take Sicily, Rome fears Carthage will dominate the Mediterranean

Cause of 1st Punic War

Quinquereme

Carthaginian ship with 4 rowers perside

Hamilcar Barca

general of the first Punic War

Rome finds an abandoned Carthaginian ship and recreates it

turning point of the first punic war

corvus

a device that interlocks two battling ships

Carthage asks for peace, Rome receives Carthage’s treasury along with Sicily and other areas

Results of the first Punic war

Carthage invades Italy

cause of 2nd Punic war

Hannibal Barca

Carthaginian general in 2nd Punic war, never loses a battle in Italy

Battle of Cannae

Rome suffering the worst defeat in history

attack Carthage while Hannibal is away

Roman response to defeat at Battle of Cannae

Roman general who led them into North Africa

Scipio Africanus

Near Carthage, Scipio defeats hannibal

Battle of Zama

Carthage asks for peace, Rome receives territory, Carthage not allowed to use military without Rome approval

Results of 2nd Punic war

Spain and Greece

major territories Rome recieves in the 2nd Punic War

Carthage must be destroyed

Cato the Elder’s quote

Carthage breaks amendment by using Military without Rome’s approval

Cause of 3rd Punic war

Numidians

growing empire, attacks Carthage

Destroying Carthage

What Rome does in response to amendment break

The Assassination of the Gracchi brothers

The political turning point of Rome

Rome’s Italian allies rebelling against Rome for political rights

The Social war

Rome wins, however still grants the allies rights

Results of Social War

Julius Caesar

Famous Roman dictator; transition between Republic and Empire

Aedile, praetor, military general, governor of Spain

Jobs held by Julius Caesar

Senate

Julius Caesar had many opponents in the ___

Julius Caesar, Pompey, Crassus

The First Triumvirate

Julian Calendar

Calendar made by Julius Caesar that we use today

Gallic Wars

Wars led by Julius Caesar

In battle

How does Crassus die?

Pompey becoming the sole consul

Pompey forming an alliance with the Senate leads to..

Call Caesar back to Rome

Pompey’s plan to kill Caesar

Rubicon River

River described as the boundary between safety and danger from Rome; crossed by Julius Caesar in 49 BC

Returns to Rome with army, Pursues Pompey to Greece, kills him in 48 BC

What Caesar does when he returns to Rome

Grants citizenship to people in other provinces, reforms tax system, adjusts calendar

accomplishments made during Caesar’s dictatorship

Name Caesar was called, “Father of the Country”

Pater Patriae

advisory council

Caesar makes the senate his _____

dictator-for-life

In 44 BC, Julius Caesar appoints himself as

Ides of March

Middle of March

Attacked on floor of Senate by 60 senators

How Caesar dies

Brutus

Caesar’s ally that betrayed and killed him

Sic Semper Tyrannis

Death to all Tyrants

Et tu, Brute?

And you, Brutus?

Names heir, end of republic, reduce’s senate’s power, rules like a king

Reasons why Caesar is considered the transition from Republic to Empire

Octavian, Marc Antony, Lepidus

the Second triumvirate

Octavian forces him into retirement

How Lepidus leaves the Triumvirate

Octavian divides remaining Roman land with Marc Antony, declares war on Antony and defeats him

How Marc Antony leaves the Triumvirate

Augustus Caesar

Octavian new’s name

Caligula and Nero

“Bad” emperors of Rome

Trajan

good emperor, greatest size of Roman empire

Hadrian

good emperor, wall built around land

Marcus Aurelius

Philosopher/Writer; Stoicism

Pax Romana

“Roman peace”; Time of order and stability in Roman history, strong economy; Lasts from Augustus to Marcus Aurelius

22

in 50 years, Rome had __ emperors

The Colosseum

Flavian Amphitheatre; 50,000 capacity; Gladiator events

Circus Maximus

Chariot racing; high speed and violent

high chance of being assassinated

risk of being an emperor

violence issue

assassinations, gladiator events, and chariot racing showed that Rome had a

Longevity, Size, Army, Engineering, Culture

Achievements of Rome

Diocletian

Emperor who divides empire into eastern and western hemisphere, each has co-emperor, gives himself “better half”

Constantine

moves capital, decriminalized Christianity

Constantinople

new Roman capital

Several Germanic tribes conquer Rome and Western empire

Fall of Rome

Christianity

new religion that Roman emperors begin converting to

Zama

area near Carthage; where the 2nd punic war took place

Gaul

land famously conquered by Caesar

elephant

animal famously used by Hannibal

Sicily

island thats the focus of the first Punic war

Scipio

general who defeated hannibal(spell first name only)

sword

roman diplomacy is symbolized by a ___

476 AD

what year was the fall of Rome