Unit 1

Nomadic hunter gathers

Natives lifestyle before the colonists arrived (hunted and grew food)

Agricultural Revolution

(introduction to new farming techniques/machines into farming) led to a population increase in Britain -> no land for farming -> one reason to look for new land

Three Native groups living in South America before Spanish arrived

Mayans, Aztecs, Incas

Incas

Native empire living in Peru, Colombia, and Chile before Pizarro (spanish) took control of Incas in 1532

Aztecs

(Natives in Mexico) Cortez (spanish) came to Mexico, Aztecs thought Cortez was a god so he was allowed in. soon spanish were greedy -> aztecs attacked them (noche triste). Eventually aztecs were wiped out from disease and there temples were destroyed.

Pueblo Indians

(natives living in Mexico) were abused by the spanish -> (battle of acoma) natives lost and territory became new mexico. Pope Rebellion was led by the pueblos and it drove the spanish out of new mexico.

Iroquois

located in the ohio valley/upstate ny. were part of the 5 Indian Nations that was formed as a defense alliance (Mohawk, Seneca, Cayuga, Onondaga, and Oneida) enemies with algonquians (french) and had a consitution

Natchez

located in the mississippi river valley. farmed corn, beans, and squash. hunted, fished, and gathered wild plants for food. big in lacrosse

African slave trade

(African people were taken as slaves to be sold in America) Natives were dying due to diseases but Africans had immunity to those diseases so they replaced the natives in free labor

Plantation system

(where commercial crops were grown) (tabacco in southern colonies and sugar in the spanish colonies) the mass export of cash crop grown on plantation shaped the new world economy. plantation was were majority of slaves worked

Christopher Columbus

(He mistakenly discovered the Americas in 1492 while searching for a faster route to the Indies.) started the Colombian exchange, started the sugar revolution (sugar plantations + exports)

Treaty of Tordesillas

(Agreement by Portugal and Spain saying that Spain claimed the Americas and Portugal received Africa and Asia) heavy spanish influence on americas

Columbian Exchange

(transfer of goods, crops, and diseases between New and Old World societies)

• Europe received new crops -> healthier diet, increase in population and longevity of life

-New World received new animals (horses) and diseases that wiped out 90-95% of natives

smallpoxs

disease that was responsible for the killings of natives. africans were immune to smallpox so they replaced the native when they died out and couldn't be the labor force

horses

natives received them in the columbian exchange and made hunting/traveling easier than using buffalo

Conquistadores

(16th century Spainards who fanned out across the Americas conquering the Aztec and Incan empires) led to destruction of native civilizations

Gold, Glory, and God

The motivating factors behind majority of exploration and conquest during the Age of Exploration.

Guns, germs, and steel

factors that contributed to destruction of Native American society

encomienda

(spanish governments policy to give Indians to certain colonist in return to Christianize them) led to slavery and was part of the spanish economy

Gold and silver mines

spain gained silver through potosi mines and one of their main reasons for conquering was to acquire gold

Racism & class structure between Europeans, Indians, and Africans

Europeans believed they were superior, had social classes based on parents, lower classes were not European

Spanish colonial caste system

Penisulares, creoles, mulatos/mestizo

Debate between De Las Casas and Juan de Sepulveda

De Las Casas believed spanish were abusing their power and the natives and were abandoning their Christian ways.

Juan de Sepulveda says that native were born to be slaves under the spanish and that they needed to Christianize them from their uncivilized ways

Pueblo Revolt (Pope's Rebellion)

(Pueblo Indians rebellion that drove Spanish settlers from New Mexico) successful native win against the spanish

Chesapeake Colonies

(Virginia and Maryland) Powhatan Indians lived in this region

Southern Colonies

(North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia)

Virginia Company charter

(English joint-stock company that received a charter from King James I that allowed it to found the Virginia colony.) wanted to find gold and a passage through america to the indies (established jamestown)

joint-stock company

(provided financial means to colonize the new world) unemployed and second born sons were perfect candidates to become explorers.

Anglo-Powhatan Wars

Powhatans and the Colonist fighting for land, Powhatans lose both wars and are kicked out of their land and their people are wiped out due to disease

Virginia House of Burgesses

(Representatives parliamentary assembly created to govern Virginia, establishing a precedent for government in the English colonies) set the foundations of the American government

Governor William Berkeley

virginia's governor. he had friendly policies toward the Indians. He also refused to retaliate for a series of brutal Indian attacks. was chased from Jamestown, but crushed the uprising after bacon died.

Bacon's Rebellion

(Nathaniel Bacon with indentured servants rebelled against the government because they weren't owning up to their end of the contract) end of indentured servitude and switch to slavery

Middle Passage

The journey of slaves from Africa to the Americas

Lord Baltimore

(Founder of Maryland) Christian haven from Protestant persecutions and offered religious toleration

Maryland Toleration Act

(guaranteed toleration to all Christians but not Jew) attracted high Catholic population

What were the southern cash crops

sugarcane, tobacco, rice, indigo

Georgia

was a buffer colony between the spanish and it was a place where people who were in debt in England could go to pay off their debt

New England Colonies

Massachusetts, Connecticut, Rhode Island, New Hampshire

Puritans

Protestant who wanted to reform/purify their religion without separating from the church

Separatists

small group of puritans who sought to break away from the Church entirely

Mayflower

The ship that brought the Pilgrims to the New World.

Mayflower Compact

(Agreement to form a majoritarian government in Plymouth, signed aboard the Mayflower. ) Created a foundation for self-government in the colony.

Plymouth Colony

was originally a squatter colony, was small and economically unimportant and eventually merged with Massachusetts Bay Colony

William Bradford

a governor of the Plymouth Colony that helped write the Mayflower Compact, had positive relationship with natives

Massachusetts Bay Colony

Established by non-separating Puritans, it soon grew to be the largest and most influential of the New England colonies. (fur trading, fishing, and shipbuilding)

John Winthrop

Puritan governor of Massachusetts Bay Colony. "Calling from God"

"city upon a hill"

name for Mass. Bay Colony coined by Winthrop to describe how their colony should serve as a model of excellence for future generations

Subsistence farming

(producing just enough to meet immediate needs) wasn't used for profit

Anne Hutchinson

She preached the idea that God communicated directly to individuals instead of through the church elders. She was forced to leave Massachusetts in 1637. Her followers (the Antinomianists) founded the colony of New Hampshire in 1639. (she was a challenge to power of church authorities)

Roger Williams

wanted to fully break away from the Church, condemned MA Bay charter because it didn't treat Indians fairly, founded Rhode Island

Rhode Island

political freedom, universal suffrage, freedom of opportunity for all

Pequot War

Pequots were a very powerful tribe in CT, Colonist vs. Pequot Indians, very brutal and the Pequots lost

King Philip's War

1675 - A series of battles in New Hampshire between the colonists and the Wompanowogs, led by a chief known as King Philip. (united tribes to have coordinated attacks on colonists, led to a native loss and there were no native threats after this)

Salem Witch Trials

Several accusations of witchcraft led to sensational trials in Salem, Massachusetts and executions of innocent women (power of accusation)

First Great Awakening

a revival of religious feeling and belief in the American colonies that began in the 1730s (more independent/starting to separate from England)

Middle Colonies

New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware

Why were the middle colonies diverse

religiously tolerant - Quakers were very accepting

William Penn

A Quaker that founded Pennsylvania to establish a place where his people and others could live in peace and be free from persecution.

Pacifism

the belief that any violence, including war, is unjustifiable under any circumstances, and that all disputes should be settled by peaceful means.

"bread colonies"

New York, New Jersey, New England, and Pennsylvania because their main export was grain.

New England Political structure

-mayflower compact

-laws and constitution for colony but controlled by english government

-Church + Politics intertwined

-voting right given to church white land owning male

New England Social Structure

-Indians helped them in harsh winters

-had diseases

-Christians

-divine right

-lots of resources + nature

-kind to slaves if they had them

New England Economic Structure

-fishing

-shipbuilding

-fur trading

-general exports at Boston Hub

Middle Colonies Political structure

-government with chosen representatives

-government supports towns

-criminal rights

Middle Colonies Social Structure

-religious tolerance

-cultural diversity

Middle Colony Economic Structure

-traded with natives, west indies, and england

-have streams for easier trade

-fur trade + gold

-indentured servitude

Southern/Chesapeake Social Structure

-no good relationship with natives

-people are starving

-high slavery

-religious hate

Southern/Chesapeake Political Structure

-anyone under charter has religious freedom and limited self-government

-elected a government to council but didn't have power to make laws (House of Burgesses)

Southern/Chesapeake Economic Structure

-tobacco planting

-produce sugar + rice

-economy runs on slaves

How did Native North Americans live before European contact?

Lived in separate areas and adapted their cultures and own societies based on their environment.

How were the lives of Native Americans as well as Europeans and Africans transformed by the arrival of the conquistadors in the Americas

native Americans were negatively affected by the diseases carried over by the Europeans. They also conquered them and took their technologies. Europeans gained control and resources/ideas. Transformed Natives live by introducing them to technology, food, and religion.

Why did Europeans settle in the English colonies? How did their motivations influence their settlement patterns and colony structure

They settled in the English colonies because there were big opportunities to make money from the riches the New World contained There motivations influences their settlement patterns and colony structure by making a self-governing body that relates to the English

Why was slavery introduced into the colonies? And how did the institution of slavery influence European and African life in the colonies?

originally had indentured servants but they were more expensive because of land being given away and less controllable than slaves who had restrictions against them. Slaves worked in heavy labor plantations and were discriminated by law based on their race.

How did the cultures of Europe, Africa, and the Americas interact in the colonies?

through trade and slavery