Materials ch3

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23 Terms

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Engineering vs True Stress and Strain

Engineering ssumes Ao is constant while True does not

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Tensile Test

The material sample is secured between a pair of clamps. The upper clamp is attached to a fixed bar and a load cell. The lower grip is attached to a movable bar that slowly pulls the material downward. The load cell records force, and an extensiometer records the elongation of the sample

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Engineering vs True

Engineering stress and strain assume constant area

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Elastic Stretching

The region on a stress-strain curve in which no permanent changes to the material occur.

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Plastic Deformation

The region on a stress-strain curve in which the material has experienced a change from which it will not completely recover.

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Yield Strength

The stress at the point of transition between elastic stretching and plastic deformation.

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Tensile Strength

The stress at the highest applied force on a stress-strain curve.

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Breaking Strength

The stress at which the material breaks completely during tensile testing.

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Ductile

Materials that can plastically deform without breaking.

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Brittle

Materials that fail completely at the onset of plastic deformation. These materials have linear stress-versus-strain graphs

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Necking

The sudden decrease in cross-sectional area of a region of a sample under a tensile load

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Bend Test

Used to test brittle materials. As the sample begins to deflect under an applied force, the bottom experiences a tensile stress while the top experiences compressive stress

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Compressive Test

Uses the same apparatus as tensile testing, but instead of pulling the sample apart, the sample is subjected to a crushing load.

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Hardness Test

A method used to measure the resistance of the surface of a material to penetration a tungsten-carbide sphere of 10 mm diameter under a static force.

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Creep Test

Creep refers to plastic deformation of a material over time (usually at elevated temperatures). When a continuous stress is applied to a material at elevated temperature, it may stretch and ultimately fail below the yield strength.

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Impact Test

Toughness defines a material’s resistance to a blow. In an impact test, a hammer is secured to a pendulum at some initial height and released. The orientation of the sample varies depending on specific testing techniques.

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Flexural strength

The amount of flexural stress a material can withstand before breaking. Measured through the bend test

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Hardness

The resistance of the surface of a material to penetration by a hard object under a static force

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Primary Creep

The first stage of creep, during which the dislocations in a material slip and move around obstacles

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Secondary Creep

The stage in which the rate that dislocations propagate equals the rate at which the dislocations are blocked, resulting in a fairly linear region on the strain-time plot.

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Tertiary Creep

The final stage of creep, during which the rate of deformation accelerates rapidly and continues until rupture

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Larson Miller Parameter

A value used to characterize creep based on time, temperature, and material-specific constants.

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Toughness

A property defining a material’s resistance to a blow that is measured by an impact test.