Studied by 5 people
Belief that non-human things possess a spiritual essense
Animism (Native American belief)
What is true of Native American societies pre-European?
Adapted to their diverse environments
Native American products pre-European?
Maize, hunted buffalo
Which Native American group was a mix of agricultural and hunter-gatherer societies?
Iroquois
Why did Europe expand to the Americas?
Gold: Wealth, Glory: Power, God: Converting others to Christianity
Trans-Atlantic exchange of people, diseases, food, animals (Disease Example: Smallpox)
Columbian Exchange
What animal dramatically changed Native life?
Horses
Who were the first countries to explore the Americas?
Portugal, Spain
First spanish settlement in North America?
St. Augustine, 1565
Agreement between Spain & Portugal to divide up the Americas into west and east
Treaty of Tordesillas (1494)
Spanish system that gave colonists land and right to native slave labor
encomienda system
People of mixed Indian and European heritage
Mestizo
People of mixed white and black heritage
Mulatto
Revolt in 1680 by Pueblo Indian Pope, killed 100s of spanish
Pope/Pueblo Revolt
Wrote "Just Causes for War against the Indians" that justified Spanish colonization
Juan de Sepulveda
Wrote "A Short Account of the Destruction of the Indies" that talked about the mistreatment of natives
Bartolome de las Casas
Who were the first countries to use Native American and African slave labor?
Spanish and Portugal
Belief that colonies exist to enrich the Mother country
Merchantilism
When did England defeat the Spanish Armada and started their colonization of America?
1588
What was the religious affiliation of England?
Protestant
Stockholders invest in a company and share in the potential profits or losses from the colony
Joint Stock Company
land given by the king to an individual or group
Proprietorship
What colony is referred to as the lost colony, where the colony is found to be deserted when their governor returns?
Roanoke
Where did the English first make their colonies, includes Virginia & Maryland?
Chesapeake colonies
First permanent English colony in NA?
Jamestown, Virginia
Who introduced the cultivation of tobacco to the english colonies?
John Rolfe
What was the first cash crop of colonial virginia?
Tobacco
Worked for a period of time in exchange for passage to the colony
Indentured servants
The Virginia Company's system in which settlers and the family members who came with them each received 50 acres of land
Headright System
What was the first form of representative governments in the early english colonies?
House of Burgesses (1619)
Series of wars between the English and Powhatan tribe. Powhatan largely defeated due to disease
Anglo-Powhatan Wars
Ended the first Anglo-Powhatan war by marrying english settler John Rolfe
Pocahontas
Rebellion in 1676 due to frustration with lack of land (settlers couldn't move west due to natives), lack of political power, and native american attacks. Nathaniel Bacon led rebels, killing indians and burned down Jamestown
Bacon's Rebellion
What was the impact of Bacon's Rebellion?
Led to a transition to African slave labor, tension between social classes
Act passed in 1649, guarantees religious freedom for all Christians (especially Catholics)
Act of Toleration
What was the cash crop of South Carolina?
Rice
Cash crop of the caribbean?
Sugarcane
What english colonies are characterized by colonization for religious motives, more families and mixed economy, includes Massachusetts
New England Colonies
First New England Colony in 1620, first settled by the Puritans
Plymouth, Massachusetts
Group that wanted to purify the Church of England, believed in predestination, settled in the New England Colonies, believed that social order depended on a system of ranks
Puritans
Group of puritans who wanted to break away from the Anglican church/Church of England
Pilgrims
Signed by the pilgrims prior to arrival in the colonies, established a basis of self government
Mayflower Compact
Who led the Pilgrims to America?
William Bradford
What native leader helped the pilgrims survive in the colonies?
Squanto
Founded by John Winthrop in 1629, modeled to be a "City Upon a Hill". Only religious freedom for puritans
Massachusetts Bay colony
Idea from Winthrop that Puritan colonists emigrating to the New World were part of a special pact with God to create a holy community: a model society to the world/moral commonwealth
City Upon a Hill
Called for the complete separation of church and state, forms the Providence, Rhode Island (first colony with complete religious freedom)
Roger Williams
A well learned Puritan woman who disagreed with the Puritan Church in Massachusetts Bay Colony. Her actions resulted in her banishment from the colony, and later took part in the formation of Rhode Island. She displayed the importance of questioning authority.
Anne Hutchinson
Conflict in 1630s where the New England colonists wipe out the Pequot tribe
Pequot war
Military alliance intended to defend the colonies against potential threats
New England Confederation
1675 - conflict between settlers and natives, native Wampanoags under Metacom disliked European encroachment on their land, they killed many settlers, English joined with Mohawks to defeat them. Signified the end of major Native resistance to the New England colonies
King Philip's War
Originally New Amsterdam, colonized by the Dutch, Charles II granted this area to his brother James
New York
Religious society of friends, pacifist group, rejected predestination, believed that every person had an "inner light" inside them, or a piece of God
Quakers
What were the qualities of PA
founded by William Penn, liberal colony, respected natives, religious tolerance & freedom, rights to women
An English policy of not strictly enforcing laws in its colonies
Salutary Neglect
Passed in 1651 that put restrictions on colonial trade, such as trade could only be carried by english ships, had to pass through english ports, and certain goods could only be exported to england
Navigation Acts
Implemented in 1686 in an attempt to clump all the english colonies together and increase royal control, very unpopular to the colonists
Dominion of New England
The journey from Africa to America, very bad conditions
Middle Passage
South Carolina slave revolt that prompted the colonies to pass stricter laws regulating the movement of slaves and the capture of runaways.
Stono Rebellion (1739)
Passed in 1662, stated that individuals could become partial church members even if they did not convert
Half Way Covenant
a revival of religious feeling and belief in the American colonies that began in the 1730s, called for separation from church and state
First Great Awakening
One of the sparks of the first great awakening, "sinners in the hands of an angry God"
Jonathan Edwards
Credited with starting the Great Awakening, also a leader of the "New Lights." Introduced the idea that people could understand the gospel without the church intermediate
George Whitefield
British legislation which taxed all molasses, rum, and sugar which the colonies imported from countries other than Britain and her colonies. The British had difficulty enforcing the tax; most colonial merchants ignored it.
Molasses Act of 1733
the overthrow of King James II of England due to the strict laws laid on the colonies. Limited the power of the british monarchy and led to rebellions against the Dominion of New England
Glorious Revolution
Case in 1733 in which a newspaper was critical of the royal governor of New York. Was concluded not guilty, and resulted in the idea that you could be critical of officials if the statements were true
Zenger Case
What was the first french colony?
Quebec, founded by Samuel de Champlain in 1608
What was the French's most common motive for colonization?
Fur trading
Differences between countries colonies
Fewer european settlers from french, dutch, spanish, trade alliances with american indians for french, dutch, spanish
(1689-1697) Small war between French and English that had small battles fought in Northern New England.
King William's War
(1702-1713) Fought between the English and French colonists in the North, and the English and Spanish in Florida. Under the peace treaty, the French ceded Acadia (Nova Scotia), Newfoundland, and Hudson Bay to Britain.
Queen Anne's War
(1744-1748) England and Spain were in conflict with French. New England captured French Bastion at Louisburg on Cape Brenton Island. Had to abandon it once peace treaty ended conflict.
King George's War
(1754-1763) War fought in the colonies between the English and the French and their Indian allies for possession of the Ohio Valley Area. English won
French and Indian War
Plan devised by the British during the French and Indian War to coordinate the war efforts between the colonies and get the Iroquois to join their cause. Plan was rejected
Albany Plan of Union
Ended the French and Indian War, granted England France's land in Canada and west to the mississippi river. Gains florida from spain
1763 Treaty of Paris
Impact of the French and Indian War
Britain set out to solve the large national debt incurred in the war, introduced a series of acts that raised taxes on American goods
1763 - Rebellion led by Ottawa Chief after the French and Indian war, rebelled against colonists taking their land and destroyed british forts
Pontiac's Rebellion
Act passed in 1763 that prohibited colonists from moving west of the Appalachian mountains into native land, angered the colonists, resulting from Pontiac's rebellion
Proclamation Act of 1763
Passed in 1764 by Grenville, reduced the tax on sugar and molasses to encourage compliance with navigation acts and stop smuggling
Sugar Act
Passed in 1765 by Grenville, required the colonists to provide food and housing for british soldiers
Quartering Act
Passed in 1765 by Grenville, placed a tax on a variety of legal documents & printed goods, repealed after backlash
Stamp Act
Response by Patrick Henry to the Grenville acts, stated that there should be no acts passed in british parliament without colonial representation
Virginia Resolves
Passed by british parliament in 1766 after the stamp act was repealed, stated parliament had authority over the colonies and had the right to tax them
Declaratory Act
Passed in 1767 by Townshend, put a tax on colonial imports such as paper, tea, glass, etc. Led colonists to create these goods themselves, which made British lose more money
Townshend Act
court document allowing customs officers to enter any location to search for smuggled goods
writ of assistance
Written by John Dickinson to argue that there should be no taxation without representation
Letters From a Farmer in Pennsylvania
Event in 1770 in which British troops opened fire on a mob near the customs house, killing 5 colonists
Boston Massacre
Organization founded in 1772 by Samuel Adams consisting of a system of communication between patriot leaders throughout the colonies over resistance to british policies
Committees of Correspondence
Passed in 1773 by Parliament which gave the British East India Company a monopoly of Tea to help the company from going under, major colonial opposition
Tea Act
Event in 1773 where members of the Sons of Liberty boarded british ships and dumped tea into the boston harbor
Boston Tea Party
Passed in 1774 by Parliament in response to the boston tea party, closed boston ports until the dumped tea was paid for, banned town hall meetings and reduced colonial legislative power, expanded the quartering act, crimes were put on trial in england. Colonists called these acts the Intolerable Acts
Coercive Acts
Colonist response to Coercive/Intolerable acts, called for colonists to boycott british goods until the intolerable acts were repealed
Suffolk Resolves
Passed by Parliament in 1774, extended boundary of Quebec into the Ohio Valley, established roman catholicism as official religion. Many colonists viewed this act as a direct attack on them.
Quebec Act
Representatives from all colonies (except Georgia) met in Philly to decide how to repair their relationship with England, support Suffolk Resolves, and start military preparations
First Continental Congress (1774)
petition to the king urging him to redress colonial grievances and restore colonial rights; recognized Parliament's authority to regulate commerce
Declaration of Rights and Grievances
First shots of the revolutionary war in Lexington in 1775, killing 8 colonists
"Shot heard round the world"
Met in Philly in 1775, organized continental army with Washington as commander and send a petition to King George III to seek peace and stop fighting
Second Continental Congress
First major battle of the Revolutionary war. It showed that the Americans could hold their own. Ultimately, the Americans were forced to withdraw after running out of ammunition, and Bunker Hill was in British hands. However, the British suffered more deaths.
Battle of Bunker Hill (1775)
18th century movement that advocated the use of reason and thought and science, promoted individual over hereditary power
The Enlightenment
1776: a pamphlet written by Thomas Paine during the Enlightenment that claimed the colonies had a right to be an independent nation, called for creation of a republic
Common Sense
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